A dim-dimensional triangulation, built by gluing together dim-dimensional simplices along their (dim-1)-dimensional facets. More...

#include <triangulation/generic.h>

Inheritance diagram for regina::Triangulation< dim >:

Public Member Functions
bool	isReadOnlySnapshot () const
	Determines if this object is a read-only deep copy that was created by a snapshot.

std::shared_ptr< PacketOf< Triangulation< dim > > >	packet ()
	Returns the packet that holds this data, if there is one.

std::shared_ptr< const PacketOf< Triangulation< dim > > >	packet () const
	Returns the packet that holds this data, if there is one.

std::string	anonID () const
	A unique string ID that can be used in place of a packet ID.

std::string	str () const
	Returns a short text representation of this object.

std::string	utf8 () const
	Returns a short text representation of this object using unicode characters.

std::string	detail () const
	Returns a detailed text representation of this object.

std::string	tightEncoding () const
	Returns the tight encoding of this object.

Constructors and Destructors
	Triangulation ()
	Default constructor.

	Triangulation (const Triangulation &src)=default
	Creates a new copy of the given triangulation.

	Triangulation (const Triangulation &src, bool cloneProps)
	Creates a new copy of the given triangulation, with the option of whether or not to clone its computed properties also.

	Triangulation (Triangulation &&src) noexcept=default
	Moves the given triangulation into this new triangulation.

	~Triangulation ()
	Destroys this triangulation.

Simplices
size_t	size () const
	Returns the number of top-dimensional simplices in the triangulation.

auto	simplices () const
	Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation.

Simplex< dim > *	simplex (size_t index)
	Returns the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in the triangulation.

const Simplex< dim > *	simplex (size_t index) const
	Returns the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in the triangulation.

Simplex< dim > *	newSimplex ()
	Creates a new top-dimensional simplex and adds it to this triangulation.

Simplex< dim > *	newSimplex (const std::string &desc)
	Creates a new top-dimensional simplex with the given description and adds it to this triangulation.

template<int k>
std::array< Simplex< dim > *, k >	newSimplices ()
	Creates k new top-dimensional simplices, adds them to this triangulation, and returns them in a std::array.

void	newSimplices (size_t k)
	Creates k new top-dimensional simplices and adds them to this triangulation.

void	removeSimplex (Simplex< dim > *simplex)
	Removes the given top-dimensional simplex from this triangulation.

void	removeSimplexAt (size_t index)
	Removes the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in this triangulation.

void	removeAllSimplices ()
	Removes all simplices from the triangulation.

void	moveContentsTo (Triangulation< dim > &dest)
	Moves the contents of this triangulation into the given destination triangulation, without destroying any pre-existing contents.

Skeletal Queries
size_t	countComponents () const
	Returns the number of connected components in this triangulation.

size_t	countBoundaryComponents () const
	Returns the number of boundary components in this triangulation.

template<int subdim>
size_t	countFaces () const
	Returns the number of subdim-faces in this triangulation.

size_t	countFaces (int subdim) const
	Returns the number of subdim-faces in this triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

size_t	countVertices () const
	A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<0>().

size_t	countEdges () const
	A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<1>().

size_t	countTriangles () const
	A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<2>().

size_t	countTetrahedra () const
	A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<3>().

size_t	countPentachora () const
	A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<4>().

std::vector< size_t >	fVector () const
	Returns the f-vector of this triangulation, which counts the number of faces of all dimensions.

auto	components () const
	Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all components of this triangulation.

auto	boundaryComponents () const
	Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all boundary components of this triangulation.

template<int subdim>
auto	faces () const
	Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all subdim-faces of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for C++ programmers.

auto	faces (int subdim) const
	Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all subdim-faces of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for Python programmers.

auto	vertices () const
	A dimension-specific alias for faces<0>().

auto	edges () const
	A dimension-specific alias for faces<1>().

auto	triangles () const
	A dimension-specific alias for faces<2>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 2.

auto	tetrahedra () const
	A dimension-specific alias for faces<3>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 3.

auto	pentachora () const
	A dimension-specific alias for faces<4>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 4.

Component< dim > *	component (size_t index) const
	Returns the requested connected component of this triangulation.

BoundaryComponent< dim > *	boundaryComponent (size_t index) const
	Returns the requested boundary component of this triangulation.

template<int subdim>
Face< dim, subdim > *	face (size_t index) const
	Returns the requested subdim-face of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for C++ programmers.

auto	face (int subdim, size_t index) const
	Returns the requested subdim-face of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for Python programmers.

Face< dim, 0 > *	vertex (size_t index) const
	A dimension-specific alias for face<0>().

Face< dim, 1 > *	edge (size_t index) const
	A dimension-specific alias for face<1>().

Face< dim, 2 > *	triangle (size_t index)
	A dimension-specific alias for face<2>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 2.

auto	triangle (size_t index) const
	A dimension-specific alias for face<2>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 2.

Face< dim, 3 > *	tetrahedron (size_t index)
	A dimension-specific alias for face<3>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 3.

auto	tetrahedron (size_t index) const
	A dimension-specific alias for face<3>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 3.

Face< dim, 4 > *	pentachoron (size_t index)
	A dimension-specific alias for face<4>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 4.

auto	pentachoron (size_t index) const
	A dimension-specific alias for face<4>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 4.

template<int subdim>
Face< dim, subdim > *	translate (const Face< dim, subdim > *other) const
	Translates a face of some other triangulation into the corresponding face of this triangulation, using simplex numbers for the translation.

FacetPairing< dim >	pairing () const
	Returns the dual graph of this triangulation, expressed as a facet pairing.

Basic Properties
bool	isEmpty () const
	Determines whether this triangulation is empty.

bool	isValid () const
	Determines if this triangulation is valid.

bool	hasBoundaryFacets () const
	Determines if this triangulation has any boundary facets.

size_t	countBoundaryFacets () const
	Returns the total number of boundary facets in this triangulation.

template<int subdim>
size_t	countBoundaryFaces () const
	Returns the number of boundary subdim-faces in this triangulation.

size_t	countBoundaryFaces (int subdim) const
	Returns the number of boundary subdim-faces in this triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

bool	isOrientable () const
	Determines if this triangulation is orientable.

bool	isConnected () const
	Determines if this triangulation is connected.

bool	isOriented () const
	Determines if this triangulation is oriented; that is, if the vertices of its top-dimensional simplices are labelled in a way that preserves orientation across adjacent facets.

long	eulerCharTri () const
	Returns the Euler characteristic of this triangulation.

Algebraic Properties
const GroupPresentation &	group () const
	Returns the fundamental group of this triangulation.

const GroupPresentation &	fundamentalGroup () const
	An alias for group(), which returns the fundamental group of this triangulation.

void	simplifiedFundamentalGroup (GroupPresentation newGroup)
	Notifies the triangulation that you have simplified the presentation of its fundamental group.

template<int k = 1>
AbelianGroup	homology () const
	Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, treating any ideal vertices as though they had been truncated.

AbelianGroup	homology (int k) const
	Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, treating any ideal vertices as though they had been truncated, where the parameter k does not need to be known until runtime.

template<int k = 1>
MarkedAbelianGroup	markedHomology () const
	Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, without truncating ideal vertices, but with explicit coordinates that track the individual k-faces of this triangulation.

MarkedAbelianGroup	markedHomology (int k) const
	Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, without truncating ideal vertices, but with explicit coordinates that track the individual k-faces of this triangulation, where the parameter k does not need to be known until runtime.

template<int subdim>
MatrixInt	boundaryMap () const
	Returns the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation.

MatrixInt	boundaryMap (int subdim) const
	Returns the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

template<int subdim>
MatrixInt	dualBoundaryMap () const
	Returns the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation.

MatrixInt	dualBoundaryMap (int subdim) const
	Returns the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

template<int subdim>
MatrixInt	dualToPrimal () const
	Returns a map from dual chains to primal chains that preserves homology classes.

MatrixInt	dualToPrimal (int subdim) const
	Returns a map from dual chains to primal chains that preserves homology classes, where the chain dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

Skeletal Transformations
void	orient ()
	Relabels the vertices of top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation so that all simplices are oriented consistently, if possible.

void	reflect ()
	Relabels the vertices of top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation so that all simplices reflect their orientation.

template<int k>
bool	pachner (Face< dim, k > *f, bool check=true, bool perform=true)
	Checks the eligibility of and/or performs a (dim + 1 - k)-(k + 1) Pachner move about the given k-face.

Subdivisions, Extensions and Covers
void	makeDoubleCover ()
	Converts this triangulation into its double cover.

void	subdivide ()
	Does a barycentric subdivision of the triangulation.

void	barycentricSubdivision ()
	Deprecated routine that performs a barycentric subdivision of the triangulation.

bool	finiteToIdeal ()
	Converts each real boundary component into a cusp (i.e., an ideal vertex).

Decompositions
std::vector< Triangulation< dim > >	triangulateComponents () const
	Returns the individual connected components of this triangulation.

Isomorphism Testing
bool	operator== (const Triangulation< dim > &other) const
	Determines if this triangulation is combinatorially identical to the given triangulation.

bool	operator!= (const Triangulation< dim > &other) const
	Determines if this triangulation is not combinatorially identical to the given triangulation.

std::optional< Isomorphism< dim > >	isIsomorphicTo (const Triangulation< dim > &other) const
	Determines if this triangulation is combinatorially isomorphic to the given triangulation.

std::optional< Isomorphism< dim > >	isContainedIn (const Triangulation< dim > &other) const
	Determines if an isomorphic copy of this triangulation is contained within the given triangulation, possibly as a subcomplex of some larger component (or components).

template<typename Action , typename... Args>
bool	findAllIsomorphisms (const Triangulation< dim > &other, Action &&action, Args &&... args) const
	Finds all ways in which this triangulation is combinatorially isomorphic to the given triangulation.

template<typename Action , typename... Args>
bool	findAllSubcomplexesIn (const Triangulation< dim > &other, Action &&action, Args &&... args) const
	Finds all ways in which an isomorphic copy of this triangulation is contained within the given triangulation, possibly as a subcomplex of some larger component (or components).

bool	makeCanonical ()
	Relabel the top-dimensional simplices and their vertices so that this triangulation is in canonical form.

Building Triangulations
void	insertTriangulation (const Triangulation< dim > &source)
	Inserts a copy of the given triangulation into this triangulation.

Exporting Triangulations
void	writeTextShort (std::ostream &out) const
	Writes a short text representation of this object to the given output stream.

void	writeTextLong (std::ostream &out) const
	Writes a detailed text representation of this object to the given output stream.

template<class Type = IsoSigClassic<dim>, class Encoding = IsoSigPrintable<dim>>
Encoding::Signature	isoSig () const
	Constructs the isomorphism signature of the given type for this triangulation.

template<class Type = IsoSigClassic<dim>, class Encoding = IsoSigPrintable<dim>>
std::pair< typename Encoding::Signature, Isomorphism< dim > >	isoSigDetail () const
	Constructs the isomorphism signature for this triangulation, along with the relabelling that will occur when the triangulation is reconstructed from it.

void	tightEncode (std::ostream &out) const
	Writes the tight encoding of this triangulation to the given output stream.

std::string	dumpConstruction () const
	Returns C++ code that can be used to reconstruct this triangulation.

Static Public Member Functions
static Triangulation< dim >	tightDecoding (const std::string &enc)
	Reconstructs an object of type T from its given tight encoding.

Static Public Attributes
static constexpr int	dimension = dim
	A compile-time constant that gives the dimension of the triangulation.

Protected Member Functions
void	swap (Snapshottable &other) noexcept
	Swap operation.

void	takeSnapshot ()
	Must be called before modification and/or destruction of the type T contents.

Protected Attributes
MarkedVector< Simplex< dim > >	simplices_
	The top-dimensional simplices that form the triangulation.

MarkedVector< Component< dim > >	components_
	The connected components that form the triangulation.

MarkedVector< BoundaryComponent< dim > >	boundaryComponents_
	The components that form the boundary of the triangulation.

std::array< size_t, dim >	nBoundaryFaces_
	The number of boundary faces of each dimension.

bool	valid_
	Is this triangulation valid? See isValid() for details on what this means.

uint8_t	topologyLock_
	If non-zero, this will cause Triangulation<dim>::clearAllProperties() to preserve any computed properties that related to the manifold (as opposed to the specific triangulation).

PacketHeldBy	heldBy_
	Indicates whether this Held object is in fact the inherited data for a PacketOf<Held>.

Simplices
class	detail::SimplexBase< dim >

class	detail::TriangulationBase< dim >

Triangulation &	operator= (const Triangulation &)=default
	Sets this to be a (deep) copy of the given triangulation.

Triangulation &	operator= (Triangulation &&src)=default
	Moves the contents of the given triangulation into this triangulation.

void	swap (Triangulation< dim > &other)
	Swaps the contents of this and the given triangulation.

Importing Triangulations
static Triangulation< dim >	fromGluings (size_t size, std::initializer_list< std::tuple< size_t, int, size_t, Perm< dim+1 > > > gluings)
	Creates a triangulation from a hard-coded list of gluings.

template<typename Iterator >
static Triangulation< dim >	fromGluings (size_t size, Iterator beginGluings, Iterator endGluings)
	Creates a triangulation from a list of gluings.

static Triangulation< dim >	fromIsoSig (const std::string &sig)
	Recovers a full triangulation from an isomorphism signature.

static Triangulation< dim >	fromSig (const std::string &sig)
	Alias for fromIsoSig(), to recover a full triangulation from an isomorphism signature.

static size_t	isoSigComponentSize (const std::string &sig)
	Deduces the number of top-dimensional simplices in a connected triangulation from its isomorphism signature.

static Triangulation< dim >	tightDecode (std::istream &input)
	Reconstructs a triangulation from its given tight encoding.

void	ensureSkeleton () const
	Ensures that all "on demand" skeletal objects have been calculated.

bool	calculatedSkeleton () const
	Determines whether the skeletal objects and properties of this triangulation have been calculated.

void	calculateSkeleton ()
	Calculates all skeletal objects for this triangulation.

void	cloneSkeleton (const TriangulationBase &src)
	Builds the skeleton of this triangulation as a clone of the skeleton of the given triangulation.

void	clearBaseProperties ()
	Clears all properties that are managed by this base class.

void	swapBaseData (TriangulationBase< dim > &other)
	Swaps all data that is managed by this base class, including simplices, skeletal data, cached properties and the snapshotting data, with the given triangulation.

void	writeXMLBaseProperties (std::ostream &out) const
	Writes a chunk of XML containing properties of this triangulation.

Detailed Description

template<int dim>
class regina::Triangulation< dim >

A dim-dimensional triangulation, built by gluing together dim-dimensional simplices along their (dim-1)-dimensional facets.

Typically (but not necessarily) such triangulations are used to represent dim-manifolds.

Such triangulations are not the same as pure simplicial complexes, for two reasons:

The only identifications that the user can explicitly specify are gluings between dim-dimensional simplices along their (dim-1)-dimensional facets. All other identifications between k-faces (for any k) are simply consequences of these (dim-1)-dimensional gluings. In contrast, a simplicial complex allows explicit gluings between faces of any dimension.
There is no requirement for a k-face to have (k+1) distinct vertices (so, for example, edges may be loops). Many distinct k-faces of a top-dimensional simplex may be identified together as a consequence of the (dim-1)-dimensional gluings, and indeed we are even allowed to glue together two distinct facets of the same dim-simplex. In contrast, a simplicial complex does not allow any of these situations.

Amongst other things, this definition is general enough to capture any reasonable definition of a dim-manifold triangulation. However, there is no requirement that a triangulation must actually represent a manifold (and indeed, testing this condition is undecidable for sufficiently large dim).

You can construct a triangulation from scratch using routines such as newSimplex() and Simplex<dim>::join(). There are also routines for exporting and importing triangulations in bulk, such as isoSig() and fromIsoSig() (which use isomorphism signatures), or dumpConstruction() and fromGluings() (which use C++ code).

In additional to top-dimensional simplices, this class also tracks:

connected components of the triangulation, as represented by the class Component<dim>;
boundary components of the triangulation, as represented by the class BoundaryComponent<dim>;
lower-dimensional faces of the triangulation, as represented by the classes Face<dim, subdim> for subdim = 0,...,(dim-1).

Such objects are temporary: whenever the triangulation changes, they will be deleted and rebuilt, and any pointers to them will become invalid. Likewise, if the triangulation is deleted then all component objects will be deleted alongside it.

Since Regina 7.0, this is no longer a "packet type" that can be inserted directly into the packet tree. Instead a Triangulation is now a standalone mathematatical object, which makes it slimmer and faster for ad-hoc use. The consequences of this are:

If you create your own Triangulation, it will not have any of the usual packet infrastructure. You cannot add it into the packet tree, and it will not support a label, tags, child/parent packets, and/or event listeners.
To include a Triangulation in the packet tree, you must create a new PacketOf<Triangulation>. This is a packet type, and supports labels, tags, child/parent packets, and event listeners. It derives from Triangulation, and so inherits the full Triangulation interface.
If you are adding new functions to this class that edit the triangulation, you must still remember to create a ChangeEventSpan. This will ensure that, if the triangulation is being managed by a PacketOf<Triangulation>, then the appropriate packet change events will be fired. All other events (aside from packetToBeChanged() and packetWasChanged() are managed directly by the PacketOf<Triangulation> wrapper class.

This class implements C++ move semantics and adheres to the C++ Swappable requirement. It is designed to avoid deep copies wherever possible, even when passing or returning objects by value.

For Regina's standard dimensions, this template is specialised and offers much more functionality. In order to use these specialised classes, you will need to include the corresponding headers (e.g., triangulation/dim2.h for dim = 2, or triangulation/dim3.h for dim = 3).

Python: Python does not support templates. Instead this class can be used by appending the dimension as a suffix (e.g., Triangulation2 and Triangulation3 for dimensions 2 and 3).

Template Parameters

dim	the dimension of the underlying triangulation. This must be between 2 and 15 inclusive.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ Triangulation() [1/4]

template<int dim>

regina::Triangulation< dim >::Triangulation ( )

inline

Default constructor.

Creates an empty triangulation.

◆ Triangulation() [2/4]

template<int dim>

regina::Triangulation< dim >::Triangulation ( const Triangulation< dim > & src )

default

Creates a new copy of the given triangulation.

This will also clone any computed properties (such as homology, fundamental group, and so on), as well as the skeleton (vertices, edges, components, etc.). In particular, the same numbering and labelling will be used for all skeletal objects.

If you want a "clean" copy that resets all properties to unknown and leaves the skeleton uncomputed, you can use the two-argument copy constructor instead.

Parameters

src	the triangulation to copy.

◆ Triangulation() [3/4]

template<int dim>

regina::Triangulation< dim >::Triangulation	(	const Triangulation< dim > &	src,
		bool	cloneProps )

inline

Creates a new copy of the given triangulation, with the option of whether or not to clone its computed properties also.

If cloneProps is true, then this constructor will also clone any computed properties (such as homology, fundamental group, and so on), as well as the skeleton (vertices, edges, components, etc.). In particular, the same numbering and labelling will be used for all skeletal objects in both triangulations.

If cloneProps is false, then these properties and skeletal objects will be marked as unknown in the new triangulation, and will be recomputed on demand if/when they are required. Note in particular that, when the skeleton is recomputed, there is no guarantee that the numbering and labelling for skeletal objects will be the same as in the source triangulation.

Parameters

src	the triangulation to copy.
cloneProps	`true` if this should also clone any computed properties as well as the skeleton of the given triangulation, or `false` if the new triangulation should have such properties and skeletal data marked as unknown.

◆ Triangulation() [4/4]

template<int dim>

regina::Triangulation< dim >::Triangulation ( Triangulation< dim > && src )

defaultnoexcept

Moves the given triangulation into this new triangulation.

This is much faster than the copy constructor, but is still linear time. This is because every top-dimensional simplex must be adjusted to point back to this new triangulation instead of src.

All top-dimensional simplices and skeletal objects (faces, components and boundary components) that belong to src will be moved into this triangulation, and so any pointers or references to Simplex<dim>, Face<dim, subdim>, Component<dim> or BoundaryComponent<dim> objects will remain valid. Likewise, all cached properties will be moved into this triangulation.

The triangulation that is passed (src) will no longer be usable.

Note: This operator is marked noexcept, and in particular does not fire any change events. This is because this triangulation is freshly constructed (and therefore has no listeners yet), and because we assume that src is about to be destroyed (an action that will fire a packet destruction event).

Parameters

src	the triangulation to move.

◆ ~Triangulation()

template<int dim>

regina::Triangulation< dim >::~Triangulation ( )

inline

Destroys this triangulation.

The constituent simplices, the cellular structure and all other properties will also be destroyed.

Member Function Documentation

◆ anonID()

std::string regina::PacketData< Triangulation< dim > >::anonID ( ) const

inherited

A unique string ID that can be used in place of a packet ID.

This is an alternative to Packet::internalID(), and is designed for use when Held is not actually wrapped by a PacketOf<Held>. (An example of such a scenario is when a normal surface list needs to write its triangulation to file, but the triangulation is a standalone object that is not stored in a packet.)

The ID that is returned will:

remain fixed throughout the lifetime of the program for a given object, even if the contents of the object are changed;
not clash with the anonID() returned from any other object, or with the internalID() returned from any packet of any type;

These IDs are not preserved when copying or moving one object to another, and are not preserved when writing to a Regina data file and then reloading the file contents.

Warning: If this object is wrapped in a PacketOf<Held>, then anonID() and Packet::internalID() may return different values.

See Packet::internalID() for further details.

Returns: a unique ID that identifies this object.

◆ barycentricSubdivision()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::barycentricSubdivision ( )

inlineinherited

Deprecated routine that performs a barycentric subdivision of the triangulation.

Deprecated: This routine has been renamed to subdivide(), both to shorten the name but also to make it clearer that this triangulation will be modified directly.

Precondition: dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions.

◆ boundaryComponent()

template<int dim>

BoundaryComponent< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::boundaryComponent ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the requested boundary component of this triangulation.

Note that each time the triangulation changes, all boundary components will be deleted and replaced with new ones. Therefore this object should be considered temporary only.

Parameters

index the index of the desired boundary component; this must be between 0 and countBoundaryComponents()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the requested boundary component.

◆ boundaryComponents()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::boundaryComponents ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all boundary components of this triangulation.

Note that, in Regina's standard dimensions, each ideal vertex forms its own boundary component, and some invalid vertices do also. See the BoundaryComponent class notes for full details on what constitutes a boundary component in standard and non-standard dimensions.

The object that is returned is lightweight, and can be happily copied by value. The C++ type of the object is subject to change, so C++ users should use auto (just like this declaration does).

The returned object is guaranteed to be an instance of ListView, which means it offers basic container-like functions and supports range-based for loops. Note that the elements of the list will be pointers, so your code might look like:

for (BoundaryComponent<dim>* b : tri.boundaryComponents()) { ... }

regina::BoundaryComponent

A component of the boundary of a dim-manifold triangulation.

Definition boundarycomponent.h:125

regina::detail::TriangulationBase::boundaryComponents

auto boundaryComponents() const

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all boundary components of this ...

Definition triangulation.h:3796

The object that is returned will remain up-to-date and valid for as long as the triangulation exists. In contrast, however, remember that the individual boundary components within this list will be deleted and replaced each time the triangulation changes. Therefore it is best to treat this object as temporary only, and to call boundaryComponents() again each time you need it.

Returns: access to the list of all boundary components.

◆ boundaryMap() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::boundaryMap ( ) const

inherited

Returns the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you should use this template function boundaryMap<subdim>(), which is slightly faster than passing subdim as an ordinary runtime argument to boundaryMap(subdim).

See the non-templated boundaryMap(int) for full details on what this function computes and how the matrix it returns should be interpreted.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant boundaryMap(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 1 and dim inclusive.

Returns: the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces.

◆ boundaryMap() [2/2]

template<int dim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::boundaryMap ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the template function boundaryMap<subdim>() instead, which is slightly faster.

This is the boundary map that you would use if you were building the homology groups manually from a chain complex.

Unlike homology(), this code does not use the dual skeleton: instead it uses the primal (i.e., ordinary) skeleton.

The main advantage of this is that you can easily match rows and columns of the returned matrix to faces of this triangulation.
The main disadvantage is that ideal vertices are not treated as though they were truncated; instead they are just treated as 0-faces that appear as part of the chain complex.

The matrix that is returned should be thought of as acting on column vectors. Specifically, the cth column of the matrix corresponds to the cth subdim-face of this triangulation, and the rth row corresponds to the rth (subdim-1)-face of this triangulation.

For the boundary map, we fix orientations as follows. In simplicial homology, for any k, the orientation of a k-simplex is determined by assigning labels 0,...,k to its vertices. For this routine, since every k-face f is already a k-simplex, these labels will just be the inherent vertex labels 0,...,k of the corresponding Face<k> object. If you need to convert these labels into vertex numbers of a top-dimensional simplex containing f, you can use either Simplex<dim>::faceMapping<k>(), or the equivalent routine FaceEmbedding<k>::vertices().

If you wish to convert these boundary maps to homology groups yourself, either the AbelianGroup class (if you do not need to track which face is which) or the MarkedAbelianGroup class (if you do need to track individual faces) can help you do this.

Note that, unlike many of the templated face-related routines, this routine explicitly supports the case subdim = dim.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (i.e., less than 1 or greater than dim).

Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 1 and dim inclusive.

Returns: the boundary map from subdim-faces to (subdim-1)-faces.

◆ calculatedSkeleton()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::calculatedSkeleton ( ) const

inlineprotectedinherited

Determines whether the skeletal objects and properties of this triangulation have been calculated.

These are only calculated "on demand", when a skeletal property is first queried.

Returns: true if and only if the skeleton has been calculated.

◆ calculateSkeleton()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::calculateSkeleton ( )

protectedinherited

Calculates all skeletal objects for this triangulation.

For this parent class, calculateSkeleton() computes properties such as connected components, orientability, and lower-dimensional faces. Some Triangulation<dim> subclasses may track additional skeletal data, in which case they should reimplement this function. Their reimplementations must call this parent implementation.

You should never call this function directly; instead call ensureSkeleton() instead.

For developers: any data members that are computed and stored by calculateSkeleton() would typically also need to be cloned by cloneSkeleton(). Therefore any changes or extensions to calculateSkeleton() would typically need to come with analogous changes or extensions to cloneSkeleton() also.

Precondition: No skeletal objects have been computed, and the corresponding internal lists are all empty.

Warning: Any call to calculateSkeleton() must first cast down to Triangulation<dim>, to ensure that you are catching the subclass implementation if this exists. You should never directly call this parent implementation (unless of course you are reimplementing calculateSkeleton() in a Triangulation<dim> subclass).

◆ clearBaseProperties()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::clearBaseProperties ( )

protectedinherited

Clears all properties that are managed by this base class.

This includes deleting all skeletal objects and emptying the corresponding internal lists, as well as clearing other cached properties and deallocating the corresponding memory where required.

Note that TriangulationBase almost never calls this routine itself (the one exception is the copy assignment operator). Typically clearBaseProperties() is only ever called by Triangulation<dim>::clearAllProperties(), which in turn is called by "atomic" routines that change the triangluation (before firing packet change events), as well as the Triangulation<dim> destructor.

◆ cloneSkeleton()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::cloneSkeleton ( const TriangulationBase< dim > & src )

protectedinherited

Builds the skeleton of this triangulation as a clone of the skeleton of the given triangulation.

This clones all skeletal objects (e.g., faces, components and boundary components) and skeletal properties (e.g., validity and orientability). In general, this function clones the same properties and data that calculateSkeleton() computes.

For this parent class, cloneSkeleton() clones properties and data that are common to all dimensions. Some Triangulation<dim> subclasses may track additional skeletal properties or data, in which case they should reimplement this function (just as they also reimplement calculateSkeleton()). Their reimplementations must call this parent implementation.

This function is intended only for use by the copy constructor (and related "copy-like" constructors), and the copy assignment operator. Other code should typically not need to call this function directly.

The real point of this routine is to ensure that, when a triangulation is cloned, its skeleton is cloned with exactly the same numbering/labelling of its skeletal objects. To this end, it is fine to leave some "large" skeletal properties to be computed on demand where this is allowed (e.g., triangulated vertex links or triangulated boundary components, which are allowed to remain uncomputed until required, even when the full skeleton has been computed).

Precondition: No skeletal objects have been computed for this triangulation, and the corresponding internal lists are all empty.; The skeleton has been fully computed for the given source triangulation.; The given source triangulation is combinatorially identical to this triangulation (i.e., both triangulations have the same number of top-dimensional simplices, with gluings between the same pairs of numbered simplices using the same gluing permutations).

Warning: Any call to cloneSkeleton() must first cast down to Triangulation<dim>, to ensure that you are catching the subclass implementation if this exists. You should never directly call this parent implementation (unless of course you are reimplementing cloneSkeleton() in a Triangulation<dim> subclass).

Parameters

src	the triangulation whose skeleton should be cloned.

◆ component()

template<int dim>

Component< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::component ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the requested connected component of this triangulation.

Note that each time the triangulation changes, all component objects will be deleted and replaced with new ones. Therefore this component object should be considered temporary only.

Parameters

index the index of the desired component; this must be between 0 and countComponents()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the requested component.

◆ components()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::components ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all components of this triangulation.

The object that is returned is lightweight, and can be happily copied by value. The C++ type of the object is subject to change, so C++ users should use auto (just like this declaration does).

The returned object is guaranteed to be an instance of ListView, which means it offers basic container-like functions and supports range-based for loops. Note that the elements of the list will be pointers, so your code might look like:

for (Component<dim>* c : tri.components()) { ... }

regina::Component

A connected component of a dim-manifold triangulation.

Definition component.h:81

regina::detail::TriangulationBase::components

auto components() const

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all components of this triangula...

Definition triangulation.h:3790

The object that is returned will remain up-to-date and valid for as long as the triangulation exists. In contrast, however, remember that the individual component objects within this list will be deleted and replaced each time the triangulation changes. Therefore it is best to treat this object as temporary only, and to call components() again each time you need it.

Returns: access to the list of all components.

◆ countBoundaryComponents()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countBoundaryComponents ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of boundary components in this triangulation.

Note that, in Regina's standard dimensions, each ideal vertex forms its own boundary component, and some invalid vertices do also. See the BoundaryComponent class notes for full details on what constitutes a boundary component in standard and non-standard dimensions.

Returns: the number of boundary components.

◆ countBoundaryFaces() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countBoundaryFaces ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of boundary subdim-faces in this triangulation.

This is the fastest way to count faces if you know subdim at compile time.

Specifically, this counts the number of subdim-faces for which isBoundary() returns true. This may lead to some unexpected results in non-standard scenarios; see the documentation for the non-templated countBoundaryFaces(int) for details.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant countBoundaryFaces(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Returns: the number of boundary subdim-faces.

◆ countBoundaryFaces() [2/2]

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countBoundaryFaces ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of boundary subdim-faces in this triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

This routine takes linear time in the dimension dim. For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the template function countBoundaryFaces<subdim>() instead, which is fast constant time.

Specifically, this counts the number of subdim-faces for which isBoundary() returns true. This may lead to some unexpected results in non-standard scenarios; for example:

In non-standard dimensions, ideal vertices are not recognised and so will not be counted as boundary;
In an invalid triangulation, the number of boundary faces reported here may be smaller than the number of faces obtained when you triangulate the boundary using BoundaryComponent::build(). This is because "pinched" faces (where separate parts of the boundary are identified together) will only be counted once here, but will "spring apart" into multiple faces when the boundary is triangulated.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (i.e., negative or greater than dim-1).

Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Returns: the number of boundary subdim-faces.

◆ countBoundaryFacets()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countBoundaryFacets ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the total number of boundary facets in this triangulation.

This routine counts facets of top-dimensional simplices that are not glued to some adjacent top-dimensional simplex.

This is equivalent to calling countBoundaryFaces<dim-1>().

Returns: the total number of boundary facets.

◆ countComponents()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countComponents ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of connected components in this triangulation.

Returns: the number of connected components.

◆ countEdges()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countEdges ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<1>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See countFaces() for further information.

◆ countFaces() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countFaces ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of subdim-faces in this triangulation.

This is the fastest way to count faces if you know subdim at compile time.

For convenience, this routine explicitly supports the case subdim = dim. This is not the case for the routines face() and faces(), which give access to individual faces (the reason relates to the fact that top-dimensional simplices are built manually, whereas lower-dimensional faces are deduced properties).

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant countFaces(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim inclusive.

Returns: the number of subdim-faces.

◆ countFaces() [2/2]

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countFaces ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of subdim-faces in this triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

This routine takes linear time in the dimension dim. For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the template function countFaces<subdim>() instead, which is fast constant time.

For convenience, this routine explicitly supports the case subdim = dim. This is not the case for the routines face() and faces(), which give access to individual faces (the reason relates to the fact that top-dimensional simplices are built manually, whereas lower-dimensional faces are deduced properties).

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (i.e., negative or greater than dim).

Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim inclusive.

Returns: the number of subdim-faces.

◆ countPentachora()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countPentachora ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<4>().

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 4.

See countFaces() for further information.

◆ countTetrahedra()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countTetrahedra ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<3>().

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 3.

See countFaces() for further information.

◆ countTriangles()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countTriangles ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<2>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See countFaces() for further information.

◆ countVertices()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::countVertices ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for countFaces<0>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See countFaces() for further information.

◆ detail()

std::string regina::Output< Triangulation< dim >, false >::detail ( ) const

inherited

Returns a detailed text representation of this object.

This text may span many lines, and should provide the user with all the information they could want. It should be human-readable, should not contain extremely long lines (which cause problems for users reading the output in a terminal), and should end with a final newline. There are no restrictions on the underlying character set.

Returns: a detailed text representation of this object.

◆ dualBoundaryMap() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dualBoundaryMap ( ) const

inherited

Returns the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you should use this template function dualBoundaryMap<subdim>(), which is slightly faster than passing subdim as an ordinary runtime argument to dualBoundaryMap(subdim).

See the non-templated dualBoundaryMap(int) for full details on what this function computes and how the matrix it returns should be interpreted.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant dualBoundaryMap(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the dual face dimension; this must be between 1 and dim inclusive if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, or between 1 and (dim - 1) inclusive otherwise.

Returns: the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces.

◆ dualBoundaryMap() [2/2]

template<int dim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dualBoundaryMap ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces of the triangulation, where the face dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the template function dualBoundaryMap<subdim>() instead, which is slightly faster.

This function is analogous to boundaryMap(), but is designed to work with dual faces instead of ordinary (primal) faces. In particular, this is used in the implementation of homology(), which works with the dual skeleton in order to effectively truncate ideal vertices.

The matrix that is returned should be thought of as acting on column vectors. Specifically, the cth column of the matrix corresponds to the cth dual subdim-face of this triangulation, and the rth row corresponds to the rth dual (subdim-1)-face of this triangulation. Here we index dual faces in the same order as the (primal) faces of the triangulation that they are dual to, except that we omit primal boundary faces (i.e., primal faces for which Face::isBoundary() returns true). Therefore, for triangulations with boundary, the dual face indices and the corresponding primal face indices might not be equal.

For this dual boundary map, for positive dual face dimensions k, we fix the orientations of the dual k-faces as follows:

In simplicial homology, the orientation of a k-simplex is determined by assigning labels 0,...,k to its vertices.
Consider a dual k-face d, and let this be dual to the primal (dim-k)-face f. In general, d will not be a simplex. Let B denote the barycentre of f (which also appears as the "centre" point of d).
Let emb be an arbitrary FaceEmbedding<dim-k> for f (i.e., chosen from f.embeddings()), and let s be the corresponding top-dimensional simplex containing f (i.e., emb.simplex()). For the special case of dual edges (k = 1), this choice matters; here we choose emb to be the first embedding (that is, f.front()). For larger k this choice does not matter; see below for the reasons why.
Now consider how d intersects the top-dimensional simplex s. This intersection is a k-polytope with B as one of its vertices. We can extend this polytope away from B, pushing it all the way through the simplex s, until it becomes a k-simplex g whose vertices are B along with the k "unused" vertices of s that do not appear in f.
We can now define the orientation of the dual k-face d to be the orientation of this k-simplex g that contains it. All that remains now is to orient g by choosing a labelling 0,...,k for its vertices.
To orient g, we assign the label 0 to B, and we assign the labels 1,...,k to the "unused" vertices v[dim-k+1],...,v[dim] of s respectively, where v is the permutation emb.vertices().
Finally, we note that for k > 1, the orientation for d does not depend on the particular choice of s and emb: by the preconditions and the fact that this routine only considers duals of non-boundary faces, the link of f must be a sphere, and therefore the images of those "other" vertices are fixed in a way that preserves orientation as you walk around the link. See the documentation for Simplex<dim>::faceMapping() for details.
For the special case of dual edges (k = 1), the conditions above can be described more simply: the two endpoints of the dual edge d correspond to the two top-dimensional simplices on either side of the (dim-1)-face f, and we orient d by labelling these endpoints (0, 1) in the order (f.back(), f.front()).

If you wish to convert these boundary maps to homology groups yourself, either the AbelianGroup class (if you do not need to track which dual face is which) or the MarkedAbelianGroup class (if you do need to track individual dual faces) can help you do this.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (as documented for the subdim argument below).

Parameters

subdim the dual face dimension; this must be between 1 and dim inclusive if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, or between 1 and (dim - 1) inclusive otherwise.

Returns: the boundary map from dual subdim-faces to dual (subdim-1)-faces.

◆ dualToPrimal() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dualToPrimal ( ) const

inherited

Returns a map from dual chains to primal chains that preserves homology classes.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you should use this template function dualToPrimal<subdim>(), which is slightly faster than passing subdim as an ordinary runtime argument to dualToPrimal(subdim).

See the non-templated dualToPrimal(int) for full details on what this function computes and how the matrix it returns should be interpreted.

Precondition: This trianguation is valid, non-empty, and non-ideal. Note that Regina can only detect ideal triangulations in standard dimensions; for higher dimensions it is the user's reponsibility to confirm this some other way.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant dualToPrimal(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the chain dimension; this must be between 0 and (dim - 1) inclusive.

Returns: the map from dual subdim-chains to primal subdim-chains.

◆ dualToPrimal() [2/2]

template<int dim>

MatrixInt regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dualToPrimal ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns a map from dual chains to primal chains that preserves homology classes, where the chain dimension does not need to be known until runtime.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the template function dualToPrimal<subdim>() instead, which is slightly faster.

The matrix that is returned should be thought of as acting on column vectors. Specifically, the cth column of the matrix corresponds to the cth dual subdim-face of this triangulation, and the rth row corresponds to the rth primal subdim-face of this triangulation.

We index and orient these dual and primal faces in the same manner as dualBoundaryMap() and boundaryMap() respectively. In particular, dual faces are indexed in the same order as the primal (dim-subdim)-faces of the triangulation that they are dual to, except that we omit primal boundary faces. See dualBoundaryMap() and boundaryMap() for further details.

The key feature of this map is that, if a column vector v represents a cycle c in the dual chain complex (i.e., it is a chain with zero boundary), and if this map is represented by the matrix M, then the vector M×v represents a cycle in the primal chain complex that belongs to the same subdimth homology class as c.

Regarding implementation: the map is constructed by (i) subdividing each dual face into smaller subdim-simplices whose vertices are barycentres of primal faces of different dimensions, (ii) moving each barycentre to vertex 0 of the corresponding face, and then (iii) discarding any resulting simplices with repeated vertices (which become "flattened" to a dimension less than subdim).

Precondition: This trianguation is valid, non-empty, and non-ideal. Note that Regina can only detect ideal triangulations in standard dimensions; for higher dimensions it is the user's reponsibility to confirm this some other way.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The chain dimension subdim is outside the supported range (as documented for the subdim argument below).

Parameters

subdim the chain dimension; this must be between 0 and (dim - 1) inclusive.

Returns: the map from dual subdim-chains to primal subdim-chains.

◆ dumpConstruction()

template<int dim>

std::string regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dumpConstruction ( ) const

inherited

Returns C++ code that can be used to reconstruct this triangulation.

This code will call Triangulation<dim>::fromGluings(), passing a hard-coded C++ initialiser list.

The main purpose of this routine is to generate this hard-coded initialiser list, which can be tedious and error-prone to write by hand.

Note that the number of lines of code produced grows linearly with the number of simplices. If this triangulation is very large, the returned string will be very large as well.

Returns: the C++ code that was generated.

◆ edge()

template<int dim>

Face< dim, 1 > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::edge ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<1>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See face() for further information.

◆ edges()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::edges ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for faces<1>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See faces() for further information.

◆ ensureSkeleton()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::ensureSkeleton ( ) const

inlineprotectedinherited

Ensures that all "on demand" skeletal objects have been calculated.

◆ eulerCharTri()

template<int dim>

long regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::eulerCharTri ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the Euler characteristic of this triangulation.

This will be evaluated strictly as the alternating sum of the number of i-faces (that is, countVertices() - countEdges() + countTriangles() - ...).

Note that this routine handles ideal triangulations in a non-standard way. Since it computes the Euler characteristic of the triangulation (and not the underlying manifold), this routine will treat each ideal boundary component as a single vertex, and not as an entire (dim-1)-dimensional boundary component.

In Regina's standard dimensions, for a routine that handles ideal boundary components properly (by treating them as (dim-1)-dimensional boundary components when computing Euler characteristic), you can use the routine eulerCharManifold() instead.

Returns: the Euler characteristic of this triangulation.

◆ face() [1/2]

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::face	(	int	subdim,
		size_t	index ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the requested subdim-face of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for Python programmers.

For C++ users, this routine is not very useful: since precise types must be know at compile time, this routine returns a std::variant v that could store a pointer to any class Face<dim, ...>. This means you cannot access the face directly: you will still need some kind of compile-time knowledge of subdim before you can extract and use an appropriate Face<dim, subdim> object from v. However, once you know subdim at compile time, you are better off using the (simpler and faster) routine face<subdim>() instead.

For Python users, this routine is much more useful: the return type can be chosen at runtime, and so this routine simply returns a Face<dim, subdim> object of the appropriate face dimension that you can use immediately.

The specific return type for C++ programmers will be std::variant<Face<dim, 0>*, ..., Face<dim, dim-1>*>.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (i.e., negative, or greater than or equal to dim).

Parameters

subdim	the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.
index	the index of the desired face, ranging from 0 to countFaces<subdim>()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the requested face.

◆ face() [2/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

Face< dim, subdim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::face ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the requested subdim-face of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for C++ programmers.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant face(subdim, index).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Parameters

index the index of the desired face, ranging from 0 to countFaces<subdim>()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the requested face.

◆ faces() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::faces ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all subdim-faces of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for C++ programmers.

The object that is returned is lightweight, and can be happily copied by value. The C++ type of the object is subject to change, so C++ users should use auto (just like this declaration does).

The returned object is guaranteed to be an instance of ListView, which means it offers basic container-like functions and supports range-based for loops. Note that the elements of the list will be pointers, so your code might look like:

for (Face<dim, subdim>* f : tri.faces<subdim>()) { ... }

regina::Face

Represents a subdim-face in the skeleton of a dim-dimensional triangulation.

Definition face.h:118

regina::detail::TriangulationBase::faces

auto faces() const

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all subdim-faces of this triangu...

Definition triangulation.h:3803

The object that is returned will remain up-to-date and valid for as long as the triangulation exists. In contrast, however, remember that the individual faces within this list will be deleted and replaced each time the triangulation changes. Therefore it is best to treat this object as temporary only, and to call faces() again each time you need it.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant faces(subdim).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Returns: access to the list of all subdim-faces.

◆ faces() [2/2]

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::faces ( int subdim ) const

inlineinherited

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all subdim-faces of this triangulation, in a way that is optimised for Python programmers.

C++ users should not use this routine. The return type must be fixed at compile time, and so it is a std::variant that can hold any of the lightweight return types from the templated faces<subdim>() function. This means that the return value will still need compile-time knowledge of subdim to extract and use the appropriate face objects. However, once you know subdim at compile time, you are much better off using the (simpler and faster) routine faces<subdim>() instead.

For Python users, this routine is much more useful: the return type can be chosen at runtime, and so this routine returns a Python list of Face<dim, subdim> objects (holding all the subdim-faces of the triangulation), which you can use immediately.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The face dimension subdim is outside the supported range (i.e., negative, or greater than or equal to dim).

Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Returns: access to the list of all subdim-faces.

◆ findAllIsomorphisms()

template<int dim>

template<typename Action , typename... Args>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::findAllIsomorphisms	(	const Triangulation< dim > &	other,
		Action &&	action,
		Args &&...	args ) const

inlineinherited

Finds all ways in which this triangulation is combinatorially isomorphic to the given triangulation.

This routine behaves identically to isIsomorphicTo(), except that instead of returning just one isomorphism, all such isomorphisms will be found and processed. See the isIsomorphicTo() notes for details on this.

For each isomorphism that is found, this routine will call action (which must be a function or some other callable object).

The first argument to action must be of type (const Isomorphism<dim>&); this will be a reference to the isomorphism that was found. If action wishes to keep the isomorphism, it should take a deep copy (not a reference), since the isomorphism may be changed and reused after action returns.
If there are any additional arguments supplied in the list args, then these will be passed as subsequent arguments to action.
action must return a bool. A return value of false indicates that the search for isomorphisms should continue, and a return value of true indicates that the search should terminate immediately.
This triangulation must remain constant while the search runs (i.e., action must not modify the triangulation).

Warning: For large dimensions, this routine can become extremely slow: its running time includes a factor of (dim+1)!.

Python: There are two versions of this function available in Python. The first form is findAllIsomorphisms(other, action), which mirrors the C++ function: it takes action which may be a pure Python function, the return value indicates whether action ever terminated the search, but it does not take an additonal argument list (args). The second form is findAllIsomorphisms(other), which returns a Python list containing all of the isomorphisms that were found.

Parameters

other	the triangulation to compare with this one.
action	a function (or other callable object) to call for each isomorphism that is found.
args	any additional arguments that should be passed to action, following the initial isomorphism argument.

Returns: true if action ever terminated the search by returning true, or false if the search was allowed to run to completion.

◆ findAllSubcomplexesIn()

template<int dim>

template<typename Action , typename... Args>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::findAllSubcomplexesIn	(	const Triangulation< dim > &	other,
		Action &&	action,
		Args &&...	args ) const

inlineinherited

Finds all ways in which an isomorphic copy of this triangulation is contained within the given triangulation, possibly as a subcomplex of some larger component (or components).

This routine behaves identically to isContainedIn(), except that instead of returning just one isomorphism (which may be boundary incomplete and need not be onto), all such isomorphisms will be found and processed. See the isContainedIn() notes for details on this.

For each isomorphism that is found, this routine will call action (which must be a function or some other callable object).

The first argument to action must be of type (const Isomorphism<dim>&); this will be a reference to the isomorphism that was found. If action wishes to keep the isomorphism, it should take a deep copy (not a reference), since the isomorphism may be changed and reused after action returns.
If there are any additional arguments supplied in the list args, then these will be passed as subsequent arguments to action.
action must return a bool. A return value of false indicates that the search for isomorphisms should continue, and a return value of true indicates that the search should terminate immediately.
This triangulation must remain constant while the search runs (i.e., action must not modify the triangulation).

Warning: For large dimensions, this routine can become extremely slow: its running time includes a factor of (dim+1)!.

Python: There are two versions of this function available in Python. The first form is findAllSubcomplexesIn(other, action), which mirrors the C++ function: it takes action which may be a pure Python function, the return value indicates whether action ever terminated the search, but it does not take an additonal argument list (args). The second form is findAllSubcomplexesIn(other), which returns a Python list containing all of the isomorphisms that were found.

Parameters

other	the triangulation in which to search for isomorphic copies of this triangulation.
action	a function (or other callable object) to call for each isomorphism that is found.
args	any additional arguments that should be passed to action, following the initial isomorphism argument.

Returns: true if action ever terminated the search by returning true, or false if the search was allowed to run to completion.

◆ finiteToIdeal()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::finiteToIdeal ( )

inherited

Converts each real boundary component into a cusp (i.e., an ideal vertex).

Only boundary components formed from real (dim-1)-faces will be affected; ideal boundary components are already cusps and so will not be changed.

One side-effect of this operation is that all spherical boundary components will be filled in with balls.

This operation is performed by attaching a new dim-simplex to each boundary (dim-1)-face, and then gluing these new simplices together in a way that mirrors the adjacencies of the underlying boundary facets. Each boundary component will thereby be pushed up through the new simplices and converted into a cusp formed using vertices of these new simplices.

In Regina's standard dimensions, where triangulations also support an idealToFinite() operation, this routine is a loose converse of that operation.

In dimension 2, every boundary component is spherical and so this routine simply fills all the punctures in the underlying surface. (In dimension 2, triangulations cannot have cusps).

Warning: If a real boundary component contains vertices whose links are not discs, this operation may have unexpected results.

Returns: true if changes were made, or false if the original triangulation contained no real boundary components.

◆ fromGluings() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<typename Iterator >

Triangulation< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fromGluings	(	size_t	size,
		Iterator	beginGluings,
		Iterator	endGluings )

staticinherited

Creates a triangulation from a list of gluings.

This routine is an analogue to the variant of fromGluings() that takes a C++ initialiser list; however, here the input data may be constructed at runtime (which makes it accessible to Python, amongst other things).

The iterator range (beginGluings, endGluings) should encode the list of gluings for the triangulation. Each iterator in this range must dereference to a tuple of the form (simp, facet, adj, gluing); here simp, facet and adj are all integers, and gluing is of type Perm<dim+1>. Each such tuple indicates that facet facet of top-dimensional simplex number simp should be glued to top-dimensional simplex number adj using the permutation gluing. In other words, such a tuple encodes the same information as calling simplex(simp).join(facet, simplex(adj), gluing) upon the triangulation being constructed.

Every gluing should be encoded from one direction only. This means, for example, that to build a closed 3-manifold triangulation with n tetrahedra, you would pass a list of 2n such tuples. If you attempt to make the same gluing twice (e.g., once from each direction), then this routine will throw an exception.

Any facet of a simplex that does not feature in the given list of gluings (either as a source or a destination) will be left as a boundary facet.

Note that, as usual, the top-dimensional simplices are numbered 0,...,(size-1), and the facets of each simplex are numbered 0,...,dim.

As an example, Python users can construct the figure eight knot complement as follows:

tri = Triangulation3.fromGluings(2, [
    ( 0, 0, 1, Perm4(1,3,0,2) ), ( 0, 1, 1, Perm4(2,0,3,1) ),
    ( 0, 2, 1, Perm4(0,3,2,1) ), ( 0, 3, 1, Perm4(2,1,0,3) )])

Note: The assumption is that the iterators dereference to a std::tuple<size_t, int, size_t, Perm<dim+1>>. However, this is not strictly necessary - the dereferenced type may be any type that supports std::get (and for which std::get<0..3>() yields suitable integer/permutation types).

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The given list of gluings does not correctly describe a triangulation with size top-dimensional simplices.

Python: The gluings should be passed as a single Python list of tuples (not an iterator pair).

Parameters

size	the number of top-dimensional simplices in the triangulation to construct.
beginGluings	the beginning of the list of gluings, as described above.
endGluings	a past-the-end iterator indicating the end of the list of gluings.

Returns: the reconstructed triangulation.

◆ fromGluings() [2/2]

template<int dim>

Triangulation< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fromGluings	(	size_t	size,
		std::initializer_list< std::tuple< size_t, int, size_t, Perm< dim+1 > > >	gluings )

inlinestaticinherited

Creates a triangulation from a hard-coded list of gluings.

This routine takes a C++ initialiser list, which makes it useful for creating hard-coded examples directly in C++ code without needing to write a tedious sequence of calls to Simplex<dim>::join().

Each element of the initialiser list should be a tuple of the form (simp, facet, adj, gluing), which indicates that facet facet of top-dimensional simplex number simp should be glued to top-dimensional simplex number adj using the permutation gluing. In other words, such a tuple encodes the same information as calling simplex(simp).join(facet, simplex(adj), gluing) upon the triangulation being constructed.

Every gluing should be encoded from one direction only. This means, for example, that to build a closed 3-manifold triangulation with n tetrahedra, you would pass a list of 2n such tuples. If you attempt to make the same gluing twice (e.g., once from each direction), then this routine will throw an exception.

Any facet of a simplex that does not feature in the given list of gluings (either as a source or a destination) will be left as a boundary facet.

Note that, as usual, the top-dimensional simplices are numbered 0,...,(size-1), and the facets of each simplex are numbered 0,...,dim.

As an example, you can construct the figure eight knot complement using the following code:

Triangulation<3> tri = Triangulation<3>::fromGluings(2, {
    { 0, 0, 1, {1,3,0,2} }, { 0, 1, 1, {2,0,3,1} },
    { 0, 2, 1, {0,3,2,1} }, { 0, 3, 1, {2,1,0,3} }});

Note: If you have an existing triangulation that you would like to hard-code in this way, you can call dumpConstruction() to generate the corresponding C++ source code.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The given list of gluings does not correctly describe a triangulation with size top-dimensional simplices.

Python: Not present. Instead, use the variant of fromGluings() that takes this same data using a Python list (which need not be constant).

Parameters

size	the number of top-dimensional simplices in the triangulation to construct.
gluings	describes the gluings between these top-dimensional simplices, as described above.

Returns: the reconstructed triangulation.

◆ fromIsoSig()

template<int dim>

static Triangulation< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fromIsoSig ( const std::string & sig )

staticinherited

Recovers a full triangulation from an isomorphism signature.

See isoSig() for more information on isomorphism signatures. It will be assumed that the signature describes a triangulation of dimension dim.

Currently this routine only supports isomorphism signatures that were created with the default encoding (i.e., there was no Encoding template parameter passed to isoSig()).

Calling isoSig() followed by fromIsoSig() is not guaranteed to produce an identical triangulation to the original, but it is guaranteed to produce a combinatorially isomorphic triangulation. In other words, fromIsoSig() may reconstruct the triangulation with its simplices and/or vertices relabelled. The optional argument to isoSig() allows you to determine the precise relabelling that will be used, if you need to know it.

For a full and precise description of the isomorphism signature format for 3-manifold triangulations, see Simplification paths in the Pachner graphs of closed orientable 3-manifold triangulations, Burton, 2011, arXiv:1110.6080. The format for other dimensions is essentially the same, but with minor dimension-specific adjustments.

Warning: Do not mix isomorphism signatures between dimensions! It is possible that the same string could corresponding to both a p-dimensional triangulation and a q-dimensional triangulation for different dimensions p and q.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The given string was not a valid dim-dimensional isomorphism signature created using the default encoding.

Parameters

sig	the isomorphism signature of the triangulation to construct. Note that isomorphism signatures are case-sensitive (unlike, for example, dehydration strings for 3-manifolds).

Returns: the reconstructed triangulation.

◆ fromSig()

template<int dim>

Triangulation< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fromSig ( const std::string & sig )

inlinestaticinherited

Alias for fromIsoSig(), to recover a full triangulation from an isomorphism signature.

This alias fromSig() is provided to assist with generic code that can work with both triangulations and links.

See fromIsoSig() for further details.

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The given string was not a valid dim-dimensional isomorphism signature created using the default encoding.

Parameters

sig	the isomorphism signature of the triangulation to construct. Note that isomorphism signatures are case-sensitive (unlike, for example, dehydration strings for 3-manifolds).

Returns: the reconstructed triangulation.

◆ fundamentalGroup()

template<int dim>

const GroupPresentation & regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fundamentalGroup ( ) const

inlineinherited

An alias for group(), which returns the fundamental group of this triangulation.

See group() for further details, including how ideal vertices and invalid faces are managed.

Note: In Regina 7.2, the routine fundamentalGroup() was renamed to group() for brevity and for consistency with Link::group(). This more expressive name fundamentalGroup() will be kept as a long-term alias, and you are welcome to continue using it if you prefer.

Precondition: This triangulation has at most one component.

Warning: In dimension 3, if you are calling this from the subclass SnapPeaTriangulation then any fillings on the cusps will be ignored. (This is the same as for every routine implemented by Regina's Triangulation<3> class.) If you wish to compute the fundamental group with fillings, call SnapPeaTriangulation::fundamentalGroupFilled() instead.

Returns: the fundamental group.

◆ fVector()

template<int dim>

std::vector< size_t > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::fVector ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the f-vector of this triangulation, which counts the number of faces of all dimensions.

The vector that is returned will have length dim+1. If this vector is f, then f[k] will be the number of k-faces for each 0 ≤ k ≤ dim.

This routine is significantly more heavyweight than countFaces(). Its advantage is that, unlike the templatised countFaces(), it allows you to count faces whose dimensions are not known until runtime.

Returns: the f-vector of this triangulation.

◆ group()

template<int dim>

const GroupPresentation & regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::group ( ) const

inherited

Returns the fundamental group of this triangulation.

The fundamental group is computed in the dual 2-skeleton. This means:

If the triangulation contains any ideal vertices, the fundamental group will be calculated as if each such vertex had been truncated.
Likewise, if the triangulation contains any invalid faces of dimension 0,1,...,(dim-3), these will effectively be truncated also.
In contrast, if the triangulation contains any invalid (dim-2)-faces (i.e., codimension-2-faces that are identified with themselves under a non-trivial map), the fundamental group will be computed without truncating the centroid of the face. For instance, if a 3-manifold triangulation has an edge identified with itself in reverse, then the fundamental group will be computed without truncating the resulting projective plane cusp. This means that, if a barycentric subdivision is performed on a such a triangulation, the result of group() might change.

Bear in mind that each time the triangulation changes, the fundamental group will be deleted. Thus the reference that is returned from this routine should not be kept for later use. Instead, group() should be called again; this will be instantaneous if the group has already been calculated.

Before Regina 7.2, this routine was called fundamentalGroup(). It has since been renamed to group() for brevity and for consistency with Link::group(). The more expressive name fundamentalGroup() will be kept, and you are welcome to use that instead if you prefer.

Precondition: This triangulation has at most one component.

Warning: In dimension 3, if you are calling this from the subclass SnapPeaTriangulation then any fillings on the cusps will be ignored. (This is the same as for every routine implemented by Regina's Triangulation<3> class.) If you wish to compute the fundamental group with fillings, call SnapPeaTriangulation::fundamentalGroupFilled() instead.

Returns: the fundamental group.

◆ hasBoundaryFacets()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::hasBoundaryFacets ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation has any boundary facets.

This routine returns true if and only if the triangulation contains some top-dimension simplex with at least one facet that is not glued to an adjacent simplex.

Returns: true if and only if there are boundary facets.

◆ homology() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int k = 1>

AbelianGroup regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::homology ( ) const

inherited

Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, treating any ideal vertices as though they had been truncated.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you should use this template function homology<subdim>(), which is slightly faster than passing subdim as an ordinary runtime argument to homology(subdim).

See the non-templated homology(int) for full details on exactly what this function computes.

Precondition: Unless you are computing first homology (k = 1), this triangulation must be valid, and every face that is not a vertex must have a ball or sphere link. The link condition already forms part of the validity test if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, but in higher dimensions it is the user's own responsibility to ensure this. See isValid() for details.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition This triangulation is invalid, and the homology dimension k is not 1.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant homology(k).

Template Parameters

k	the dimension of the homology group to return; this must be between 1 and (dim - 1) inclusive if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, or between 1 and (dim - 2) inclusive if not.

Returns: the kth homology group.

◆ homology() [2/2]

template<int dim>

AbelianGroup regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::homology ( int k ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, treating any ideal vertices as though they had been truncated, where the parameter k does not need to be known until runtime.

For C++ programmers who know k at compile time, you are better off using the template function homology<k>() instead, which is slightly faster.

A problem with computing homology is that, if dim is not one of Regina's standard dimensions, then Regina cannot actually detect ideal vertices (since in general this requires solving undecidable problems). Currently we resolve this by insisting that, in higher dimensions, the homology dimension k is at most (dim-2); the underlying algorithm will then effectively truncate all vertices (since truncating "ordinary" vertices whose links are spheres or balls does not affect the kth homology in such cases).

In general, this routine insists on working with a valid triangulation (see isValid() for what this means). However, for historical reasons, if you are computing first homology (k = 1) then your triangulation is allowed to be invalid, though the results might or might not be useful to you. The homology will be computed using the dual skeleton: what this means is that any invalid faces of dimension 0,1,...,(dim-3) will be treated as though their centroids had been truncated, but any invalid (dim-2)-faces will be treated without such truncation. A side-effect is that, after performing a barycentric on an invalid triangulation, the group returned by homology<1>() might change.

Warning: In dimension 3, if you are calling this from the subclass SnapPeaTriangulation then any fillings on the cusps will be ignored. (This is the same as for every routine implemented by Regina's Triangulation<3> class.) If you wish to compute homology with fillings, call SnapPeaTriangulation::homologyFilled() instead.

Precondition: Unless you are computing first homology (k = 1), this triangulation must be valid, and every face that is not a vertex must have a ball or sphere link. The link condition already forms part of the validity test if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, but in higher dimensions it is the user's own responsibility to ensure this. See isValid() for details.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition	This triangulation is invalid, and the homology dimension k is not 1.
InvalidArgument	The homology dimension k is outside the supported range. This range depends upon the triangulation dimension dim; for details see the documentation below for the argument k.

Python: Like the C++ template function homology<k>(), you can omit the homology dimension k; this will default to 1.

Parameters

k	the dimension of the homology group to return; this must be between 1 and (dim - 1) inclusive if dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions, or between 1 and (dim - 2) inclusive if not.

Returns: the kth homology group.

◆ insertTriangulation()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::insertTriangulation ( const Triangulation< dim > & source )

inherited

Inserts a copy of the given triangulation into this triangulation.

The top-dimensional simplices of source will be copied into this triangulation in the same order in which they appear in source. That is, if the original size of this triangulation was S, then the simplex at index i in source will be copied into this triangulation as a new simplex at index S+i.

The copies will use the same vertex numbering and descriptions as the original simplices from source, and any gluings between the simplices of source will likewise be copied across as gluings between their copies in this triangulation.

This routine behaves correctly when source is this triangulation.

Parameters

source the triangulation whose copy will be inserted.

◆ isConnected()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isConnected ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation is connected.

This routine returns false only if there is more than one connected component. In particular, it returns true for the empty triangulation.

Returns: true if and only if this triangulation is connected.

◆ isContainedIn()

template<int dim>

std::optional< Isomorphism< dim > > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isContainedIn ( const Triangulation< dim > & other ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if an isomorphic copy of this triangulation is contained within the given triangulation, possibly as a subcomplex of some larger component (or components).

Specifically, this routine determines if there is a boundary incomplete combinatorial isomorphism from this triangulation to other. Boundary incomplete isomorphisms are described in detail in the Isomorphism class notes.

In particular, note that facets of top-dimensional simplices that lie on the boundary of this triangulation need not correspond to boundary facets of other, and that other may contain more top-dimensional simplices than this triangulation.

If a boundary incomplete isomorphism is found, the details of this isomorphism are returned. Thus, to test whether an isomorphism exists, you can just call if (isContainedIn(other)).

If more than one such isomorphism exists, only one will be returned. For a routine that returns all such isomorphisms, see findAllSubcomplexesIn().

Warning: For large dimensions, this routine can become extremely slow: its running time includes a factor of (dim+1)!.

Parameters

other the triangulation in which to search for an isomorphic copy of this triangulation.

Returns: details of the isomorphism if such a copy is found, or no value otherwise.

◆ isEmpty()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isEmpty ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines whether this triangulation is empty.

An empty triangulation is one with no simplices at all.

Returns: true if and only if this triangulation is empty.

◆ isIsomorphicTo()

template<int dim>

std::optional< Isomorphism< dim > > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isIsomorphicTo ( const Triangulation< dim > & other ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation is combinatorially isomorphic to the given triangulation.

Two triangulations are isomorphic if and only it is possible to relabel their top-dimensional simplices and the (dim+1) vertices of each simplex in a way that makes the two triangulations combinatorially identical, as returned by isIdenticalTo().

Equivalently, two triangulations are isomorphic if and only if there is a one-to-one and onto boundary complete combinatorial isomorphism from this triangulation to other, as described in the Isomorphism class notes.

In particular, note that this triangulation and other must contain the same number of top-dimensional simplices for such an isomorphism to exist.

If the triangulations are isomorphic, then this routine returns one such boundary complete isomorphism (i.e., one such relabelling). Otherwise it returns no value . Thus, to test whether an isomorphism exists, you can just call if (isIsomorphicTo(other)).

There may be many such isomorphisms between the two triangulations. If you need to find all such isomorphisms, you may call findAllIsomorphisms() instead.

If you need to ensure that top-dimensional simplices are labelled the same in both triangulations (i.e., that the triangulations are related by the identity isomorphism), you should call the stricter test isIdenticalTo() instead.

Warning: For large dimensions, this routine can become extremely slow: its running time includes a factor of (dim+1)!.

Todo: Optimise: Improve the complexity by choosing a simplex mapping from each component and following gluings to determine the others.

Parameters

other the triangulation to compare with this one.

Returns: details of the isomorphism if the two triangulations are combinatorially isomorphic, or no value otherwise.

◆ isOrientable()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isOrientable ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation is orientable.

Returns: true if and only if this triangulation is orientable.

◆ isOriented()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isOriented ( ) const

inherited

Determines if this triangulation is oriented; that is, if the vertices of its top-dimensional simplices are labelled in a way that preserves orientation across adjacent facets.

Specifically, this routine returns true if and only if every gluing permutation has negative sign.

Note that orientable triangulations are not always oriented by default. You can call orient() if you need the top-dimensional simplices to be oriented consistently as described above.

A non-orientable triangulation can never be oriented.

Returns: true if and only if all top-dimensional simplices are oriented consistently.

Author: Matthias Goerner

◆ isoSig()

template<int dim>

template<class Type = IsoSigClassic<dim>, class Encoding = IsoSigPrintable<dim>>

Encoding::Signature regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isoSig ( ) const

inherited

Constructs the isomorphism signature of the given type for this triangulation.

Support for different types of signature is new to Regina 7.0 (see below for details); all isomorphism signatures created in Regina 6.0.1 or earlier are of the default type IsoSigClassic.

An isomorphism signature is a compact representation of a triangulation that uniquely determines the triangulation up to combinatorial isomorphism. That is, for any fixed signature type T, two triangulations of dimension dim are combinatorially isomorphic if and only if their isomorphism signatures of type T are the same.

The length of an isomorphism signature is proportional to n log n, where n is the number of top-dimenisonal simplices. The time required to construct it is worst-case O((dim!) n² log² n). Whilst this is fine for large triangulations, it becomes very slow for large dimensions; the main reason for introducing different signature types is that some alternative types can be much faster to compute in practice.

Whilst the format of an isomorphism signature bears some similarity to dehydration strings for 3-manifolds, they are more general: isomorphism signatures can be used with any triangulations, including closed, bounded and/or disconnected triangulations, as well as triangulations with many simplices. Note also that 3-manifold dehydration strings are not unique up to isomorphism (they depend on the particular labelling of tetrahedra).

The routine fromIsoSig() can be used to recover a triangulation from an isomorphism signature (only if the default encoding has been used, but it does not matter which signature type was used). The triangulation recovered might not be identical to the original, but it will be combinatorially isomorphic. If you need the precise relabelling, you can call isoSigDetail() instead.

Regina supports several different variants of isomorphism signatures, which are tailored to different computational needs; these are currently determined by the template parameters Type and Encoding:

The Type parameter identifies which signature type is to be constructed. Essentially, different signature types use different rules to determine which labelling of a triangulation is "canonical". The default type IsoSigClassic is slow (it never does better than the worst-case time described above); its main advantage is that it is consistent with the original implementation of isomorphism signatures in Regina 4.90.
The Encoding parameter controls how Regina encodes a canonical labelling into a final signature. The default encoding IsoSigPrintable returns a std::string consisting entirely of printable characters in the 7-bit ASCII range. Importantly, this default encoding is currently the only encoding from which Regina can reconstruct a triangulation from its isomorphism signature.

You may instead pass your own type and/or encoding parameters as template arguments. Currently this facility is for internal use only, and the requirements for type and encoding parameters may change in future versions of Regina. At present:

The Type parameter should be a class that is constructible from a componenent reference, and that offers the member functions simplex(), perm() and next(); see the implementation of IsoSigClassic for details.
The Encoding parameter should be a class that offers a Signature type alias, and static functions emptySig() and encode(). See the implementation of IsoSigPrintable for details.

For a full and precise description of the classic isomorphism signature format for 3-manifold triangulations, see Simplification paths in the Pachner graphs of closed orientable 3-manifold triangulations, Burton, 2011, arXiv:1110.6080. The format for other dimensions is essentially the same, but with minor dimension-specific adjustments.

Python: Although this is a templated function, all of the variants supplied with Regina are available to Python users. For the default type and encoding, you can simply call isoSig(). For other signature types, you should call the function as isoSig_Type, where the suffix Type is an abbreviated version of the Type template parameter; one such example is isoSig_EdgeDegrees (for the case where Type is the class IsoSigEdgeDegrees). Currently Regina only offers one encoding (the default), and so there are no suffixes for encodings.

Warning: Do not mix isomorphism signatures between dimensions! It is possible that the same string could corresponding to both a p-dimensional triangulation and a q-dimensional triangulation for different dimensions p and q.

Returns: the isomorphism signature of this triangulation.

◆ isoSigComponentSize()

template<int dim>

static size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isoSigComponentSize ( const std::string & sig )

staticinherited

Deduces the number of top-dimensional simplices in a connected triangulation from its isomorphism signature.

See isoSig() for more information on isomorphism signatures. It will be assumed that the signature describes a triangulation of dimension dim.

Currently this routine only supports isomorphism signatures that were created with the default encoding (i.e., there was no Encoding template parameter passed to isoSig()).

If the signature describes a connected triangulation, this routine will simply return the size of that triangulation (e.g., the number of tetrahedra in the case dim = 3). You can also pass an isomorphism signature that describes a disconnected triangulation; however, this routine will only return the number of top-dimensional simplices in the first connected component. If you need the total size of a disconnected triangulation, you will need to reconstruct the full triangulation by calling fromIsoSig() instead.

This routine is very fast, since it only examines the first few characters of the isomorphism signature (in which the size of the first component is encoded). However, a side-effect of this is that it is possible to pass an invalid isomorphism signature and still receive a positive result. If you need to test whether a signature is valid or not, you must call fromIsoSig() instead, which will examine the entire signature in full.

Warning: Do not mix isomorphism signatures between dimensions! It is possible that the same string could corresponding to both a p-dimensional triangulation and a q-dimensional triangulation for different dimensions p and q.

Parameters

sig	the isomorphism signature of a dim-dimensional triangulation. Note that isomorphism signature are case-sensitive (unlike, for example, dehydration strings for 3-manifolds).

Returns: the number of top-dimensional simplices in the first connected component, or 0 if this could not be determined because the given string was not a valid isomorphism signature created using the default encoding.

◆ isoSigDetail()

template<int dim>

template<class Type = IsoSigClassic<dim>, class Encoding = IsoSigPrintable<dim>>

std::pair< typename Encoding::Signature, Isomorphism< dim > > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isoSigDetail ( ) const

inherited

Constructs the isomorphism signature for this triangulation, along with the relabelling that will occur when the triangulation is reconstructed from it.

Essentially, an isomorphism signature is a compact representation of a triangulation that uniquely determines the triangulation up to combinatorial isomorphism. See isoSig() for much more detail on isomorphism signatures as well as the support for different signature types and encodings.

As described in the isoSig() notes, you can call fromIsoSig() to recover a triangulation from an isomorphism signature (assuming the default encoding was used). Whilst the triangulation that is recovered will be combinatorially isomorphic to the original, it might not be identical. This routine returns not only the isomorphism signature, but also an isomorphism that describes the precise relationship between this triangulation and the reconstruction from fromIsoSig().

Specifically, if this routine returns the pair (sig, relabelling), this means that the triangulation reconstructed from fromIsoSig(sig) will be identical to relabelling(this).

Python: Although this is a templated function, all of the variants supplied with Regina are available to Python users. For the default type and encoding, you can simply call isoSigDetail(). For other signature types, you should call the function as isoSigDetail_Type, where the suffix Type is an abbreviated version of the Type template parameter; one such example is isoSigDetail_EdgeDegrees (for the case where Type is the class IsoSigEdgeDegrees). Currently Regina only offers one encoding (the default), and so there are no suffixes for encodings.

Precondition: This triangulation must be non-empty and connected. The facility to return a relabelling for disconnected triangulations may be added to Regina in a later release.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition This triangulation is either empty or disconnected.

Returns: a pair containing (i) the isomorphism signature of this triangulation, and (ii) the isomorphism between this triangulation and the triangulation that would be reconstructed from fromIsoSig().

◆ isReadOnlySnapshot()

bool regina::Snapshottable< Triangulation< dim > >::isReadOnlySnapshot ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this object is a read-only deep copy that was created by a snapshot.

Recall that, if an image I of type T has a snapshot pointing to it, and if that image I is about to be modified or destroyed, then the snapshot will make an internal deep copy of I and refer to that instead.

The purpose of this routine is to identify whether the current object is such a deep copy. This may be important information, since a snapshot's deep copy is read-only: it must not be modified or destroyed by the outside world. (Of course the only way to access this deep copy is via const reference from the SnapshotRef dereference operators, but there are settings in which this constness is "forgotten", such as Regina's Python bindings.)

Returns: true if and only if this object is a deep copy that was taken by a Snapshot object of some original type T image.

◆ isValid()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::isValid ( ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation is valid.

There are several conditions that might make a dim-dimensional triangulation invalid:

if some face is identified with itself under a non-identity permutation (e.g., an edge is identified with itself in reverse, or a triangle is identified with itself under a rotation);
if some subdim-face does not have an appropriate link. Here the meaning of "appropriate" depends upon the type of face:
- for a face that belongs to some boundary facet(s) of this triangulation, its link must be a topological ball;
- for a vertex that does not belong to any boundary facets, its link must be a closed (dim - 1)-manifold;
- for a (subdim ≥ 1)-face that does not belong to any boundary facets, its link must be a topological sphere.

Condition (1) is tested for all dimensions dim. Condition (2) is more difficult, since it relies on undecidable problems. As a result, (2) is only tested when dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions.

If a triangulation is invalid then you can call Face<dim, subdim>::isValid() to discover exactly which face(s) are responsible, and you can call Face<dim, subdim>::hasBadIdentification() and/or Face<dim, subdim>::hasBadLink() to discover exactly which conditions fail.

Note that all invalid vertices are considered to be on the boundary; see isBoundary() for details.

Returns: true if and only if this triangulation is valid.

◆ makeCanonical()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::makeCanonical ( )

inherited

Relabel the top-dimensional simplices and their vertices so that this triangulation is in canonical form.

This is essentially the lexicographically smallest labelling when the facet gluings are written out in order.

Two triangulations are isomorphic if and only if their canonical forms are identical.

The lexicographic ordering assumes that the facet gluings are written in order of simplex index and then facet number. Each gluing is written as the destination simplex index followed by the gluing permutation (which in turn is written as the images of 0,1,...,dim in order).

Precondition: This routine currently works only when the triangulation is connected. It may be extended to work with disconnected triangulations in later versions of Regina.

Returns: true if the triangulation was changed, or false if the triangulation was in canonical form to begin with.

◆ makeDoubleCover()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::makeDoubleCover ( )

inherited

Converts this triangulation into its double cover.

Each orientable component will be duplicated, and each non-orientable component will be converted into its orientable double cover.

◆ markedHomology() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int k>

MarkedAbelianGroup regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::markedHomology ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, without truncating ideal vertices, but with explicit coordinates that track the individual k-faces of this triangulation.

For C++ programmers who know subdim at compile time, you should use this template function markedHomology<subdim>(), which is slightly faster than passing subdim as an ordinary runtime argument to markedHomology(subdim).

See the non-templated markedHomology(int) for full details on what this function computes, some important caveats to be aware of, and how the group that it returns should be interpreted.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition This triangulation is empty or invalid.

Python: Not present. Instead use the variant markedHomology(k).

Template Parameters

k	the dimension of the homology group to compute; this must be between 1 and (dim-1) inclusive.

Returns: the kth homology group of the union of all simplices in this triangulation, as described above.

◆ markedHomology() [2/2]

template<int dim>

MarkedAbelianGroup regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::markedHomology ( int k ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the kth homology group of this triangulation, without truncating ideal vertices, but with explicit coordinates that track the individual k-faces of this triangulation, where the parameter k does not need to be known until runtime.

For C++ programmers who know k at compile time, you are better off using the template function markedHomology<k>() instead, which is slightly faster.

This is a specialised homology routine; you should only use it if you need to understand how individual k-faces (or chains of k-faces) appear within the homology group.

The major disadvantage of this routine is that it does not truncate ideal vertices. Instead it computes the homology of the union of all top-dimensional simplices, working directly with the boundary maps between (k+1)-faces, k-faces and (k-1)-faces of the triangulation. If your triangulation is ideal, then this routine will almost certainly not give the correct homology group for the underlying manifold. If, however, all of your vertex links are spheres or balls (i.e., the triangulation is closed or all of its boundary components are built from unglued (dim-1)-faces), then the homology of the manifold will be computed correctly.
The major advantage is that, instead of returning a simpler AbelianGroup, this routine returns a MarkedAbelianGroup. This allows you to track chains of individual k-faces of the triangulation as they appear within the homology group. Specifically, the chain complex cordinates with this MarkedAbelianGroup represent precisely the k-faces of the triangulation in the same order as they appear in the list faces<k>(), using the inherent orientation provided by Face<dim, k>.

Precondition: This triangulation is valid and non-empty.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition	This triangulation is empty or invalid.
InvalidArgument	The homology dimension k is outside the supported range (i.e., less than 1 or greater than or equal to dim).

Python: Like the C++ template function markedHomology<k>(), you can omit the homology dimension k; this will default to 1.

Parameters

k	the dimension of the homology group to compute; this must be between 1 and (dim-1) inclusive.

Returns: the kth homology group of the union of all simplices in this triangulation, as described above.

◆ moveContentsTo()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::moveContentsTo ( Triangulation< dim > & dest )

inherited

Moves the contents of this triangulation into the given destination triangulation, without destroying any pre-existing contents.

All top-dimensional simplices that currently belong to dest will remain there (and will keep the same indices in dest). All top-dimensional simplices that belong to this triangulation will be moved into dest also (but in general their indices will change).

This triangulation will become empty as a result.

Any pointers or references to Simplex<dim> objects will remain valid.

If your intention is to replace the simplices in dest (i.e., you do not need to preserve the original contents), then consider using the move assignment operator instead (which is more streamlined and also moves across any cached properties from the source triangulation).

Precondition: dest is not this triangulation.

Parameters

dest	the triangulation into which simplices should be moved.

◆ newSimplex() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Simplex< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::newSimplex ( )

inherited

Creates a new top-dimensional simplex and adds it to this triangulation.

The new simplex will have an empty description. All (dim+1) facets of the new simplex will be boundary facets.

The new simplex will become the last simplex in this triangulation; that is, it will have index size()-1.

Returns: the new simplex.

◆ newSimplex() [2/2]

template<int dim>

Simplex< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::newSimplex ( const std::string & desc )

inherited

Creates a new top-dimensional simplex with the given description and adds it to this triangulation.

All (dim+1) facets of the new simplex will be boundary facets.

Descriptions are optional, may have any format, and may be empty. How descriptions are used is entirely up to the user.

The new simplex will become the last simplex in this triangulation; that is, it will have index size()-1.

Parameters

desc	the description to give to the new simplex.

Returns: the new simplex.

◆ newSimplices() [1/2]

template<int dim>

template<int k>

std::array< Simplex< dim > *, k > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::newSimplices ( )

inherited

Creates k new top-dimensional simplices, adds them to this triangulation, and returns them in a std::array.

The main purpose of this routine is to support structured binding; for example:

auto [r, s, t] = ans.newSimplices<3>();
r->join(0, s, {1, 2, 3, 0});
...

All new simplices will have empty descriptions, and all facets of each new simplex will be boundary facets.

The new simplices will become the last k simplices in this triangulation. Specifically, if the return value is the array ret, then each simplex ret[i] will have index size()-k+i in the overall triangulation.

Python: For Python users, the two variants of newSimplices() are essentially merged: the argument k is passed as an ordinary runtime argument, and the new top-dimensional simplices will be returned in a Python tuple of size k.

Template Parameters

k	the number of new top-dimensional simplices to add; this must be non-negative.

Returns: an array containing all of the new simplices, in the order in which they were added.

◆ newSimplices() [2/2]

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::newSimplices ( size_t k )

inherited

Creates k new top-dimensional simplices and adds them to this triangulation.

This is similar to the templated routine newSimplices<k>(), but with two key differences:

This routine has the disadvantage that it does not return the new top-dimensional simplices, which means you cannot use it with structured binding.
This routine has the advantage that k does not need to be known until runtime, which means this routine is accessible to Python users.

All new simplices will have empty descriptions, and all facets of each new simplex will be boundary facets.

The new simplices will become the last k simplices in this triangulation.

Python: For Python users, the two variants of newSimplices() are essentially merged: the argument k is passed as an ordinary runtime argument, and the new top-dimensional simplices will be returned in a Python tuple of size k.

Parameters

k	the number of new top-dimensional simplices to add; this must be non-negative.

◆ operator!=()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::operator!= ( const Triangulation< dim > & other ) const

inlineinherited

Determines if this triangulation is not combinatorially identical to the given triangulation.

Here "identical" means that the triangulations have the same number of top-dimensional simplices, with gluings between the same pairs of numbered simplices using the same gluing permutations. In other words, "identical" means that the triangulations are isomorphic via the identity isomorphism.

For the less strict notion of isomorphic triangulations, which allows relabelling of the top-dimensional simplices and their vertices, see isIsomorphicTo() instead.

This test does not examine the textual simplex descriptions, as seen in Simplex<dim>::description(); these may still differ. It also does not test whether lower-dimensional faces are numbered identically (vertices, edges and so on); this routine is only concerned with top-dimensional simplices.

(At the time of writing, two identical triangulations will always number their lower-dimensional faces in the same way. However, it is conceivable that in future versions of Regina there may be situations in which identical triangulations can acquire different numberings for vertices, edges, and so on.)

Parameters

other the triangulation to compare with this.

Returns: true if and only if the two triangulations are not combinatorially identical.

◆ operator=() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Triangulation & regina::Triangulation< dim >::operator= ( const Triangulation< dim > & )

default

Sets this to be a (deep) copy of the given triangulation.

This will also clone any computed properties (such as homology, fundamental group, and so on), as well as the skeleton (vertices, edges, components, etc.). In particular, this triangulation will use the same numbering and labelling for all skeletal objects as in the source triangulation.

Returns: a reference to this triangulation.

◆ operator=() [2/2]

template<int dim>

Triangulation & regina::Triangulation< dim >::operator= ( Triangulation< dim > && src )

default

Moves the contents of the given triangulation into this triangulation.

This is much faster than copy assignment, but is still linear time. This is because every top-dimensional simplex must be adjusted to point back to this triangulation instead of src.

All top-dimensional simplices and skeletal objects (faces, components and boundary components) that belong to src will be moved into this triangulation, and so any pointers or references to Simplex<dim>, Face<dim, subdim>, Component<dim> or BoundaryComponent<dim> objects will remain valid. Likewise, all cached properties will be moved into this triangulation.

The triangulation that is passed (src) will no longer be usable.

Note: This operator is not marked noexcept, since it fires change events on this triangulation which may in turn call arbitrary code via any registered packet listeners. It deliberately does not fire change events on src, since it assumes that src is about to be destroyed (which will fire a destruction event instead).

Parameters

src	the triangulation to move.

Returns: a reference to this triangulation.

◆ operator==()

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::operator== ( const Triangulation< dim > & other ) const

inherited

Determines if this triangulation is combinatorially identical to the given triangulation.

Here "identical" means that the triangulations have the same number of top-dimensional simplices, with gluings between the same pairs of numbered simplices using the same gluing permutations. In other words, "identical" means that the triangulations are isomorphic via the identity isomorphism.

For the less strict notion of isomorphic triangulations, which allows relabelling of the top-dimensional simplices and their vertices, see isIsomorphicTo() instead.

This test does not examine the textual simplex descriptions, as seen in Simplex<dim>::description(); these may still differ. It also does not test whether lower-dimensional faces are numbered identically (vertices, edges and so on); this routine is only concerned with top-dimensional simplices.

(At the time of writing, two identical triangulations will always number their lower-dimensional faces in the same way. However, it is conceivable that in future versions of Regina there may be situations in which identical triangulations can acquire different numberings for vertices, edges, and so on.)

In Regina 6.0.1 and earlier, this comparison was called isIdenticalTo().

Parameters

other the triangulation to compare with this.

Returns: true if and only if the two triangulations are combinatorially identical.

◆ orient()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::orient ( )

inherited

Relabels the vertices of top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation so that all simplices are oriented consistently, if possible.

This routine works by flipping vertices (dim - 1) and dim of each top-dimensional simplices that has negative orientation. The result will be a triangulation where the top-dimensional simplices have their vertices labelled in a way that preserves orientation across adjacent facets. In particular, every gluing permutation will have negative sign.

If this triangulation includes both orientable and non-orientable components, the orientable components will be oriented as described above and the non-orientable components will be left untouched.

◆ pachner()

template<int dim>

template<int k>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::pachner	(	Face< dim, k > *	f,
		bool	check = true,
		bool	perform = true )

inherited

Checks the eligibility of and/or performs a (dim + 1 - k)-(k + 1) Pachner move about the given k-face.

This involves replacing the (dim + 1 - k) top-dimensional simplices meeting that k-face with (k + 1) new top-dimensional simplices joined along a new internal (dim - k)-face. This can be done iff (i) the given k-face is valid and non-boundary; (ii) the (dim + 1 - k) top-dimensional simplices that contain it are distinct; and (iii) these simplices are joined in such a way that the link of the given k-face is the standard triangulation of the (dim - 1 - k)-sphere as the boundary of a (dim - k)-simplex.

If the routine is asked to both check and perform, the move will only be performed if the check shows it is legal. In In the special case k = dim, the move is always legal and so the check argument will simply be ignored.

Note that after performing this move, all skeletal objects (facets, components, etc.) will be reconstructed, which means any pointers to old skeletal objects (such as the argument v) can no longer be used.

If this triangulation is currently oriented, then this Pachner move will label the new top-dimensional simplices in a way that preserves the orientation.

See the page on Pachner moves on triangulations for definitions and terminology relating to Pachner moves. After the move, the new belt face will be formed from vertices 0,1,...,(dim - k) of simplices().back().

Warning: For the case k = dim in Regina's standard dimensions, the labelling of the belt face has changed as of Regina 5.96 (the first prerelease for Regina 6.0). In versions 5.1 and earlier, the belt face was simplices().back()->vertex(dim), and as of version 5.96 it is now simplices().back()->vertex(0).

Precondition: If the move is being performed and no check is being run, it must be known in advance that the move is legal.; The given k-face is a k-face of this triangulation.

Parameters

f	the k-face about which to perform the move.
check	`true` if we are to check whether the move is allowed (defaults to `true`).
perform	`true` if we are to perform the move (defaults to `true`).

Returns: If check is true, the function returns true if and only if the requested move may be performed without changing the topology of the manifold. If check is false, the function simply returns true.

Template Parameters

k	the dimension of the given face. This must be between 0 and (dim) inclusive. You can still perform a Pachner move about a 0-face dim-face, but these moves use specialised implementations (as opposed to this generic template implementation).

◆ packet() [1/2]

std::shared_ptr< PacketOf< Triangulation< dim > > > regina::PacketData< Triangulation< dim > >::packet ( )

inlineinherited

Returns the packet that holds this data, if there is one.

If this object is being held by a packet p of type PacketOf<Held>, then that packet p will be returned. Otherwise, if this is a "standalone" object of type Held, then this routine will return null.

There is a special case when dealing with a packet q that holds a SnapPea triangulation. Here q is of type PacketOf<SnapPeaTriangulation>, and it holds a Triangulation<3> "indirectly" in the sense that Packetof<SnapPeaTriangulation> derives from SnapPeaTriangulation, which in turn derives from Triangulation<3>. In this scenario:

calling Triangulation<3>::packet() will return null, since there is no "direct" PacketOf<Triangulation<3>>;
calling SnapPeaTriangulation::packet() will return the enclosing packet q, since there is a PacketOf<SnapPeaTriangulation>;
calling the special routine Triangulation<3>::inAnyPacket() will also return the "indirect" enclosing packet q.

The function inAnyPacket() is specific to Triangulation<3>, and is not offered for other Held types.

Returns: the packet that holds this data, or null if this data is not (directly) held by a packet.

◆ packet() [2/2]

std::shared_ptr< const PacketOf< Triangulation< dim > > > regina::PacketData< Triangulation< dim > >::packet ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the packet that holds this data, if there is one.

See the non-const version of this function for further details, and in particular for how this functions operations in the special case of a packet that holds a SnapPea triangulation.

Returns: the packet that holds this data, or null if this data is not (directly) held by a packet.

◆ pairing()

template<int dim>

FacetPairing< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::pairing ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the dual graph of this triangulation, expressed as a facet pairing.

Calling tri.pairing() is equivalent to calling FacetPairing<dim>(tri).

Precondition: This triangulation is not empty.

Returns: the dual graph of this triangulation.

◆ pentachora()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::pentachora ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for faces<4>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 4.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 4.

See faces() for further information.

◆ pentachoron() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Face< dim, 4 > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::pentachoron ( size_t index )

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<4>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 4.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 4.

See face() for further information.

◆ pentachoron() [2/2]

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::pentachoron ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<4>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 4.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 4. It returns a const pentachoron pointer in dimension dim = 4, and a non-const pentachoron pointer in all higher dimensions.

See face() for further information.

◆ reflect()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::reflect ( )

inherited

Relabels the vertices of top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation so that all simplices reflect their orientation.

In particular, if this triangulation is oriented, then it will be converted into an isomorphic triangulation with the opposite orientation.

This routine works by flipping vertices (dim - 1) and dim of every top-dimensional simplex.

◆ removeAllSimplices()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::removeAllSimplices ( )

inlineinherited

Removes all simplices from the triangulation.

As a result, this triangulation will become empty.

All of the simplices that belong to this triangulation will be destroyed immediately.

◆ removeSimplex()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::removeSimplex ( Simplex< dim > * simplex )

inlineinherited

Removes the given top-dimensional simplex from this triangulation.

The given simplex will be unglued from any adjacent simplices (if any), and will be destroyed immediately.

Precondition: The given simplex is a top-dimensional simplex in this triangulation.

Parameters

simplex the simplex to remove.

◆ removeSimplexAt()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::removeSimplexAt ( size_t index )

inlineinherited

Removes the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in this triangulation.

This is equivalent to calling removeSimplex(simplex(index)).

The given simplex will be unglued from any adjacent simplices (if any), and will be destroyed immediately.

Parameters

index specifies which top-dimensionalsimplex to remove; this must be between 0 and size()-1 inclusive.

◆ simplex() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Simplex< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::simplex ( size_t index )

inlineinherited

Returns the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in the triangulation.

Note that indexing may change when a simplex is added to or removed from the triangulation.

Parameters

index specifies which simplex to return; this value should be between 0 and size()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the indexth top-dimensional simplex.

◆ simplex() [2/2]

template<int dim>

const Simplex< dim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::simplex ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the top-dimensional simplex at the given index in the triangulation.

Note that indexing may change when a simplex is added to or removed from the triangulation.

Parameters

index specifies which simplex to return; this value should be between 0 and size()-1 inclusive.

Returns: the indexth top-dimensional simplex.

◆ simplices()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::simplices ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all top-dimensional simplices in this triangulation.

The object that is returned is lightweight, and can be happily copied by value. The C++ type of the object is subject to change, so C++ users should use auto (just like this declaration does).

The returned object is guaranteed to be an instance of ListView, which means it offers basic container-like functions and supports range-based for loops. Note that the elements of the list will be pointers, so your code might look like:

for (Simplex<dim>* s : tri.simplices()) { ... }

regina::Face< dim, dim >

Represents a top-dimensional simplex in a dim-manifold triangulation.

Definition simplex.h:100

regina::detail::TriangulationBase::simplices

auto simplices() const

Returns an object that allows iteration through and random access to all top-dimensional simplices in...

Definition triangulation.h:3574

The object that is returned will remain up-to-date and valid for as long as the triangulation exists: even as simplices are added and/or removed, it will always reflect the simplices that are currently in the triangulation. Nevertheless, it is recommended to treat this object as temporary only, and to call simplices() again each time you need it.

Returns: access to the list of all top-dimensional simplices.

◆ simplifiedFundamentalGroup()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::simplifiedFundamentalGroup ( GroupPresentation newGroup )

inlineinherited

Notifies the triangulation that you have simplified the presentation of its fundamental group.

The old group presentation will be replaced by the (hopefully simpler) group that is passed.

This routine is useful for situations in which some external body (such as GAP) has simplified the group presentation better than Regina can.

Regina does not verify that the new group presentation is equivalent to the old, since this is - well, hard.

If the fundamental group has not yet been calculated for this triangulation, then this routine will store the new group as the fundamental group, under the assumption that you have worked out the group through some other clever means without ever having needed to call group() at all.

Note that this routine will not fire a packet change event.

Parameters

newGroup a new (and hopefully simpler) presentation of the fundamental group of this triangulation.

◆ size()

template<int dim>

size_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::size ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the number of top-dimensional simplices in the triangulation.

Returns: The number of top-dimensional simplices.

◆ str()

std::string regina::Output< Triangulation< dim >, false >::str ( ) const

inherited

Returns a short text representation of this object.

This text should be human-readable, should use plain ASCII characters where possible, and should not contain any newlines.

Within these limits, this short text ouptut should be as information-rich as possible, since in most cases this forms the basis for the Python __str__() and __repr__() functions.

Python: The Python "stringification" function __str__() will use precisely this function, and for most classes the Python __repr__() function will incorporate this into its output.

Returns: a short text representation of this object.

◆ subdivide()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::subdivide ( )

inherited

Does a barycentric subdivision of the triangulation.

This is done in-place, i.e., the triangulation will be modified directly.

Each top-dimensional simplex s is divided into (dim + 1) factorial sub-simplices by placing an extra vertex at the centroid of every face of every dimension. Each of these sub-simplices t is described by a permutation p of (0, ..., dim). The vertices of such a sub-simplex t are:

vertex p[0] of s;
the centre of edge (p[0], p[1]) of s;
the centroid of triangle (p[0], p[1], p[2]) of s;
...
the centroid of face (p[0], p[1], p[2], p[dim]) of s, which is the entire simplex s itself.

The sub-simplices have their vertices numbered in a way that mirrors the original simplex s:

vertex p[0] of s will be labelled p[0] in t;
the centre of edge (p[0], p[1]) of s will be labelled p[1] in t;
the centroid of triangle (p[0], p[1], p[2]) of s will be labelled p[2] in t;
...
the centroid of s itself will be labelled p[dim] in t.

In particular, if this triangulation is currently oriented, then this barycentric subdivision will preserve the orientation.

If simplex s has index i in the original triangulation, then its sub-simplex corresponding to permutation p will have index ((dim + 1)! * i + p.orderedSnIndex()) in the resulting triangulation. In other words: sub-simplices are ordered first according to the original simplex that contains them, and then according to the lexicographical ordering of the corresponding permutations p.

Precondition: dim is one of Regina's standard dimensions. This precondition is a safety net, since in higher dimensions the triangulation would explode too quickly in size (and for the highest dimensions, possibly beyond the limits of size_t).

Warning: In dimensions 3 and 4, both the labelling and ordering of sub-simplices in the subdivided triangulation has changed as of Regina 5.1. (Earlier versions of Regina made no guarantee about the labelling and ordering; these guarantees are also new to Regina 5.1).

Todo: Lock the topological properties of the underlying manifold, to avoid recomputing them after the subdivision. However, only do this for valid triangulations (since we can have scenarios where invalid triangulations becoming valid and ideal after subdivision, which may change properties such as Triangulation<4>::knownSimpleLinks).

◆ swap() [1/2]

void regina::Snapshottable< Triangulation< dim > >::swap ( Snapshottable< Triangulation< dim > > & other )

inlineprotectednoexceptinherited

Swap operation.

This should only be called when the entire type T contents of this object and other are being swapped. If one object has a current snapshot, then the other object will move in as the new image for that same snapshot. This avoids a deep copies of this object and/or other, even though both objects are changing.

In particular, if the swap function for T calls this base class function (as it should), then there is no need to call takeSnapshot() from either this object or src.

Parameters

other the snapshot image being swapped with this.

◆ swap() [2/2]

template<int dim>

void regina::Triangulation< dim >::swap ( Triangulation< dim > & other )

Swaps the contents of this and the given triangulation.

All top-dimensional simplices that belong to this triangulation will be moved to other, and all top-dimensional simplices that belong to other will be moved to this triangulation. Likewise, all skeletal objects (such as lower-dimensional faces, components, and boundary components) and all cached properties will be swapped.

In particular, any pointers or references to Simplex<dim> and/or Face<dim, subdim> objects will remain valid.

This routine will behave correctly if other is in fact this triangulation.

Note: This swap function is not marked noexcept, since it fires change events on both triangulations which may in turn call arbitrary code via any registered packet listeners.

Parameters

other the triangulation whose contents should be swapped with this.

◆ swapBaseData()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::swapBaseData ( TriangulationBase< dim > & other )

protectedinherited

Swaps all data that is managed by this base class, including simplices, skeletal data, cached properties and the snapshotting data, with the given triangulation.

Note that TriangulationBase never calls this routine itself. Typically swapBaseData() is only ever called by Triangulation<dim>::swap().

Parameters

other the triangulation whose data should be swapped with this.

◆ takeSnapshot()

void regina::Snapshottable< Triangulation< dim > >::takeSnapshot ( )

inlineprotectedinherited

Must be called before modification and/or destruction of the type T contents.

See the Snapshot class notes for a full explanation of how this requirement works.

There are a few exceptions where takeSnapshot() does not need to be called: these are where type T move, copy and/or swap operations call the base class operations (as they should). See the Snapshottable move, copy and swap functions for details.

If this object has a current snapshot, then this function will trigger a deep copy with the snapshot.

After this function returns, this object is guaranteed to be completely unenrolled from the snapshotting machinery.

◆ tetrahedra()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::tetrahedra ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for faces<3>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 3.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 3.

See faces() for further information.

◆ tetrahedron() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Face< dim, 3 > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::tetrahedron ( size_t index )

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<3>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 3.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 3.

See face() for further information.

◆ tetrahedron() [2/2]

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::tetrahedron ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<3>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 3.

This alias is available for dimensions dim ≥ 3. It returns a const tetrahedron pointer in dimension dim = 3, and a non-const tetrahedron pointer in all higher dimensions.

See face() for further information.

◆ tightDecode()

template<int dim>

Triangulation< dim > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::tightDecode ( std::istream & input )

staticinherited

Reconstructs a triangulation from its given tight encoding.

See the page on tight encodings for details.

The tight encoding will be read from the given input stream. If the input stream contains leading whitespace then it will be treated as an invalid encoding (i.e., this routine will throw an exception). The input routine may contain further data: if this routine is successful then the input stream will be left positioned immediately after the encoding, without skipping any trailing whitespace.

Exceptions

InvalidInput The given input stream does not begin with a tight encoding of a dim-dimensional triangulation.

Python: Not present. Use tightDecoding() instead, which takes a string as its argument.

Parameters

input an input stream that begins with the tight encoding for a dim-dimensional triangulation.

Returns: the triangulation represented by the given tight encoding.

◆ tightDecoding()

static Triangulation< dim > regina::TightEncodable< Triangulation< dim > >::tightDecoding ( const std::string & enc )

inlinestaticinherited

Reconstructs an object of type T from its given tight encoding.

See the page on tight encodings for details.

The tight encoding should be given as a string. If this string contains leading whitespace or any trailing characters at all (including trailing whitespace), then it will be treated as an invalid encoding (i.e., this routine will throw an exception).

Exceptions

InvalidArgument The given string is not a tight encoding of an object of type T.

Parameters

enc	the tight encoding for an object of type T.

Returns: the object represented by the given tight encoding.

◆ tightEncode()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::tightEncode ( std::ostream & out ) const

inherited

Writes the tight encoding of this triangulation to the given output stream.

See the page on tight encodings for details.

Python: Not present. Use tightEncoding() instead, which returns a string.

Parameters

out	the output stream to which the encoded string will be written.

◆ tightEncoding()

std::string regina::TightEncodable< Triangulation< dim > >::tightEncoding ( ) const

inlineinherited

Returns the tight encoding of this object.

See the page on tight encodings for details.

Exceptions

FailedPrecondition This may be thrown for some classes T if the object is in an invalid state. If this is possible, then a more detailed explanation of "invalid" can be found in the class documentation for T, under the member function T::tightEncode(). See FacetPairing::tightEncode() for an example of this.

Returns: the resulting encoded string.

◆ translate()

template<int dim>

template<int subdim>

Face< dim, subdim > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::translate ( const Face< dim, subdim > * other ) const

inlineinherited

Translates a face of some other triangulation into the corresponding face of this triangulation, using simplex numbers for the translation.

Typically this routine would be used when the given face comes from a triangulation that is combinatorially identical to this, and you wish to obtain the corresponding face of this triangulation.

Specifically: if other refers to face i of top-dimensional simplex number k of some other triangulation, then this routine will return face i of top-dimensional simplex number k of this triangulation. Note that this routine does not use the face indices within each triangulation (which is outside the user's control), but rather the simplex numbering (which the user has full control over).

This routine behaves correctly even if other is a null pointer.

Precondition: This triangulation contains at least as many top-dimensional simplices as the triangulation containing other (though, as noted above, in typical scenarios both triangulations would actually be combinatorially identical).

Template Parameters

subdim the face dimension; this must be between 0 and dim-1 inclusive.

Parameters

other the face to translate.

Returns: the corresponding face of this triangulation.

◆ triangle() [1/2]

template<int dim>

Face< dim, 2 > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::triangle ( size_t index )

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<2>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 2.

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See face() for further information.

◆ triangle() [2/2]

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::triangle ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<2>(), or an alias for simplex() in dimension dim = 2.

This alias is available for all dimensions dim. It returns a const triangle pointer in dimension dim = 2, and a non-const triangle pointer in all higher dimensions.

See face() for further information.

◆ triangles()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::triangles ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for faces<2>(), or an alias for simplices() in dimension dim = 2.

This alias is available for all dimensions.

See faces() for further information.

◆ triangulateComponents()

template<int dim>

std::vector< Triangulation< dim > > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::triangulateComponents ( ) const

inherited

Returns the individual connected components of this triangulation.

This triangulation will not be modified.

This function is new to Regina 7.0, and it has two important changes of behaviour from the old splitIntoComponents() from Regina 6.0.1 and earlier:

This function does not insert the resulting components into the packet tree.
This function does not assign labels to the new components.

Returns: a list of individual component triangulations.

◆ utf8()

std::string regina::Output< Triangulation< dim >, false >::utf8 ( ) const

inherited

Returns a short text representation of this object using unicode characters.

Like str(), this text should be human-readable, should not contain any newlines, and (within these constraints) should be as information-rich as is reasonable.

Unlike str(), this function may use unicode characters to make the output more pleasant to read. The string that is returned will be encoded in UTF-8.

Returns: a short text representation of this object.

◆ vertex()

template<int dim>

Face< dim, 0 > * regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::vertex ( size_t index ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for face<0>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See face() for further information.

◆ vertices()

template<int dim>

auto regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::vertices ( ) const

inlineinherited

A dimension-specific alias for faces<0>().

This alias is available for all dimensions dim.

See faces() for further information.

◆ writeTextLong()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::writeTextLong ( std::ostream & out ) const

inherited

Writes a detailed text representation of this object to the given output stream.

Python: Not present. Use detail() instead.

Parameters

out	the output stream to which to write.

◆ writeTextShort()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::writeTextShort ( std::ostream & out ) const

inherited

Writes a short text representation of this object to the given output stream.

Python: Not present. Use str() instead.

Parameters

out	the output stream to which to write.

◆ writeXMLBaseProperties()

template<int dim>

void regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::writeXMLBaseProperties ( std::ostream & out ) const

protectedinherited

Writes a chunk of XML containing properties of this triangulation.

This routine covers those properties that are managed by this base class TriangulationBase and that have already been computed for this triangulation.

This routine is typically called from within Triangulation<dim>::writeXMLPacketData(). The XML elements that it writes are child elements of the tri element.

Parameters

out	the output stream to which the XML should be written.

Member Data Documentation

◆ boundaryComponents_

template<int dim>

MarkedVector<BoundaryComponent<dim> > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::boundaryComponents_

protectedinherited

The components that form the boundary of the triangulation.

◆ components_

template<int dim>

MarkedVector<Component<dim> > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::components_

protectedinherited

The connected components that form the triangulation.

This list is only filled if/when the skeleton of the triangulation is computed.

◆ dimension

template<int dim>

int regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::dimension = dim

staticconstexprinherited

A compile-time constant that gives the dimension of the triangulation.

◆ heldBy_

PacketHeldBy regina::PacketData< Triangulation< dim > >::heldBy_

protectedinherited

Indicates whether this Held object is in fact the inherited data for a PacketOf<Held>.

As a special case, this field is also used to indicate when a Triangulation<3> is in fact the inherited data for a SnapPeaTriangulation. See the PacketHeldBy enumeration for more details on the different values that this data member can take.

◆ nBoundaryFaces_

template<int dim>

std::array<size_t, dim> regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::nBoundaryFaces_

protectedinherited

The number of boundary faces of each dimension.

◆ simplices_

template<int dim>

MarkedVector<Simplex<dim> > regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::simplices_

protectedinherited

The top-dimensional simplices that form the triangulation.

◆ topologyLock_

template<int dim>

uint8_t regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::topologyLock_

protectedinherited

If non-zero, this will cause Triangulation<dim>::clearAllProperties() to preserve any computed properties that related to the manifold (as opposed to the specific triangulation).

This allows you to avoid recomputing expensive invariants when the underlying manifold is retriangulated.

This property should be managed by creating and destroying TopologyLock objects. The precise value of topologyLock_ indicates the number of TopologyLock objects that currently exist for this triangulation.

◆ valid_

template<int dim>

bool regina::detail::TriangulationBase< dim >::valid_

protectedinherited

Is this triangulation valid? See isValid() for details on what this means.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

link/link.h
triangulation/cut.h
triangulation/forward.h
triangulation/generic/triangulation.h

Public Member Functions

Static Public Member Functions

Static Public Attributes

Protected Member Functions

Protected Attributes

Simplices

Importing Triangulations

Detailed Description

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ Triangulation() [1/4]

◆ Triangulation() [2/4]

◆ Triangulation() [3/4]

◆ Triangulation() [4/4]

◆ ~Triangulation()

Member Function Documentation

◆ anonID()

◆ barycentricSubdivision()

◆ boundaryComponent()

◆ boundaryComponents()

◆ boundaryMap() [1/2]

◆ boundaryMap() [2/2]

◆ calculatedSkeleton()

◆ calculateSkeleton()

◆ clearBaseProperties()

◆ cloneSkeleton()

◆ component()

◆ components()

◆ countBoundaryComponents()

◆ countBoundaryFaces() [1/2]

◆ countBoundaryFaces() [2/2]

◆ countBoundaryFacets()

◆ countComponents()

◆ countEdges()

◆ countFaces() [1/2]

◆ countFaces() [2/2]

◆ countPentachora()

◆ countTetrahedra()

◆ countTriangles()

◆ countVertices()

◆ detail()

◆ dualBoundaryMap() [1/2]

◆ dualBoundaryMap() [2/2]

◆ dualToPrimal() [1/2]

◆ dualToPrimal() [2/2]

◆ dumpConstruction()

◆ edge()

◆ edges()

◆ ensureSkeleton()

◆ eulerCharTri()

◆ face() [1/2]

◆ face() [2/2]

◆ faces() [1/2]

◆ faces() [2/2]

◆ findAllIsomorphisms()

◆ findAllSubcomplexesIn()

◆ finiteToIdeal()

◆ fromGluings() [1/2]

◆ fromGluings() [2/2]

◆ fromIsoSig()

◆ fromSig()

◆ fundamentalGroup()

◆ fVector()

◆ group()

◆ hasBoundaryFacets()

◆ homology() [1/2]

◆ homology() [2/2]

◆ insertTriangulation()

◆ isConnected()

◆ isContainedIn()

◆ isEmpty()

◆ isIsomorphicTo()

◆ isOrientable()

◆ isOriented()

◆ isoSig()

◆ isoSigComponentSize()

◆ isoSigDetail()

◆ isReadOnlySnapshot()

◆ isValid()

◆ makeCanonical()

◆ makeDoubleCover()